Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits
Natural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersico...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2014-06-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/6/1837 |
| _version_ | 1811184899794665472 |
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| author | Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena Alexandre Campos Joana Azevedo Joana Neves Marisa Freitas Remédios Guzmán-Guillén Ana María Cameán Jenny Renaut Vitor Vasconcelos |
| author_facet | Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena Alexandre Campos Joana Azevedo Joana Neves Marisa Freitas Remédios Guzmán-Guillén Ana María Cameán Jenny Renaut Vitor Vasconcelos |
| author_sort | Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Natural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum and the toxin accumulation in this horticultural crop. Adult plants (2 month-old) grown in a greenhouse environment were exposed for 2 weeks to either pure MC-LR (100 μg/L) or Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing 100 μg/L MC-LR. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, leaf proteome investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF, and toxin bioaccumulation assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. Variations in several protein markers (ATP synthase subunits, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins) highlight the decrease of the capacity of plants to synthesize ATP and to perform photosynthesis, whereas variations in other proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase) suggest an increase of carbon fixation and decrease of carbohydrate metabolism reactions in plants exposed to pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial extracts, respectively. MC-LR was found in roots (1635.21 μg/kg fw), green tomatoes (5.15–5.41 μg/kg fw), mature tomatoes (10.52–10.83 μg/kg fw), and leaves (12,298.18 μg/kg fw). The results raise concerns relative to food safety and point to the necessity of monitoring the bioaccumulation of water toxins in agricultural systems affected by cyanotoxin contamination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:21:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4a9417ab28104cc9819a4159f0d45fd4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T13:21:19Z |
| publishDate | 2014-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-4a9417ab28104cc9819a4159f0d45fd42022-12-22T04:22:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512014-06-01661837185410.3390/toxins6061837toxins6061837Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and FruitsDaniel Gutiérrez-Praena0Alexandre Campos1Joana Azevedo2Joana Neves3Marisa Freitas4Remédios Guzmán-Guillén5Ana María Cameán6Jenny Renaut7Vitor Vasconcelos8Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, SpainInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, PortugalInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, PortugalInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, PortugalInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, PortugalArea of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, SpainArea of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, SpainDepartment of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux L-4422, LuxembourgInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, PortugalNatural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum and the toxin accumulation in this horticultural crop. Adult plants (2 month-old) grown in a greenhouse environment were exposed for 2 weeks to either pure MC-LR (100 μg/L) or Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing 100 μg/L MC-LR. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, leaf proteome investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF, and toxin bioaccumulation assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. Variations in several protein markers (ATP synthase subunits, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins) highlight the decrease of the capacity of plants to synthesize ATP and to perform photosynthesis, whereas variations in other proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase) suggest an increase of carbon fixation and decrease of carbohydrate metabolism reactions in plants exposed to pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial extracts, respectively. MC-LR was found in roots (1635.21 μg/kg fw), green tomatoes (5.15–5.41 μg/kg fw), mature tomatoes (10.52–10.83 μg/kg fw), and leaves (12,298.18 μg/kg fw). The results raise concerns relative to food safety and point to the necessity of monitoring the bioaccumulation of water toxins in agricultural systems affected by cyanotoxin contamination.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/6/1837Lycopersicon esculentummicrocystinphytotoxicitybioaccumulationproteomics |
| spellingShingle | Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena Alexandre Campos Joana Azevedo Joana Neves Marisa Freitas Remédios Guzmán-Guillén Ana María Cameán Jenny Renaut Vitor Vasconcelos Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits Toxins Lycopersicon esculentum microcystin phytotoxicity bioaccumulation proteomics |
| title | Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits |
| title_full | Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits |
| title_fullStr | Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits |
| title_short | Exposure of Lycopersicon Esculentum to Microcystin-LR: Effects in the Leaf Proteome and Toxin Translocation from Water to Leaves and Fruits |
| title_sort | exposure of lycopersicon esculentum to microcystin lr effects in the leaf proteome and toxin translocation from water to leaves and fruits |
| topic | Lycopersicon esculentum microcystin phytotoxicity bioaccumulation proteomics |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/6/6/1837 |
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