The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study
Sodium-phosphate-based glass-ceramics (GCs) are promising materials for a wide range of applications, including solid-state sodium-ion batteries, microelectronic packaging substrates, and humidity sensors. This study investigated the impact of 24 h heat-treatments (HT) at varying temperatures on Na-...
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2024-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/2/306 |
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| author | Sara Marijan Marta Razum Kristina Sklepić Kerhač Petr Mošner Ladislav Koudelka Jana Pisk Andrea Moguš-Milanković Željko Skoko Luka Pavić |
| author_facet | Sara Marijan Marta Razum Kristina Sklepić Kerhač Petr Mošner Ladislav Koudelka Jana Pisk Andrea Moguš-Milanković Željko Skoko Luka Pavić |
| author_sort | Sara Marijan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Sodium-phosphate-based glass-ceramics (GCs) are promising materials for a wide range of applications, including solid-state sodium-ion batteries, microelectronic packaging substrates, and humidity sensors. This study investigated the impact of 24 h heat-treatments (HT) at varying temperatures on Na-Ge-P glass, with a focus on (micro)structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of prepared GCs. Various techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed. With the elevation of HT temperature, crystallinity progressively rose; at 450 °C, the microstructure retained amorphous traits featuring nanometric grains, whereas at 550 °C, HT resulted in fully crystallized structures characterized by square-shaped micron-scale grains of NaPO<sub>3</sub>. The insight into the evaluation of electrical and dielectric properties was provided by Solid-State Impedance Spectroscopy (SS-IS), revealing a strong correlation with the conditions of controlled crystallization and observed (micro)structure. Compared to the initial glass, which showed DC conductivity (<i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub>) on the order of magnitude 10<sup>−7</sup> Ω<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> at 393 K, the obtained GCs exhibited a lower <i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub> ranging from 10<sup>−8</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup> Ω<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. With the rise in HT temperature, <i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub> further decreased due to the crystallization of the NaPO<sub>3</sub> phase, depleting the glass matrix of mobile Na<sup>+</sup> ions. The prepared GCs showed improved dielectric parameters in comparison to the initial glass, with a noticeable increase in dielectric constant values (~20) followed by a decline in dielectric loss (~10<sup>−3</sup>) values as the HT temperatures rise. Particularly, the GC obtained at @450 stood out as the optimal sample, showcasing an elevated dielectric constant and low dielectric loss value, along with moderate ionic conductivity. This research uncovers the intricate relationship between heat-treatment conditions and material properties, emphasizing that controlled crystallization allows for precise modifications to microstructure and phase composition within the remaining glassy phase, ultimately facilitating the fine-tuning of material properties. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:43:10Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T10:43:10Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4aa9d82f98fc4abc993fc8db2eaab4c62024-01-26T17:26:35ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442024-01-0117230610.3390/ma17020306The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric StudySara Marijan0Marta Razum1Kristina Sklepić Kerhač2Petr Mošner3Ladislav Koudelka4Jana Pisk5Andrea Moguš-Milanković6Željko Skoko7Luka Pavić8Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDivision of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDivision of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech RepublicDepartment of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53210 Pardubice, Czech RepublicDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDivision of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička 32, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaDivision of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, CroatiaSodium-phosphate-based glass-ceramics (GCs) are promising materials for a wide range of applications, including solid-state sodium-ion batteries, microelectronic packaging substrates, and humidity sensors. This study investigated the impact of 24 h heat-treatments (HT) at varying temperatures on Na-Ge-P glass, with a focus on (micro)structural, electrical, and dielectric properties of prepared GCs. Various techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed. With the elevation of HT temperature, crystallinity progressively rose; at 450 °C, the microstructure retained amorphous traits featuring nanometric grains, whereas at 550 °C, HT resulted in fully crystallized structures characterized by square-shaped micron-scale grains of NaPO<sub>3</sub>. The insight into the evaluation of electrical and dielectric properties was provided by Solid-State Impedance Spectroscopy (SS-IS), revealing a strong correlation with the conditions of controlled crystallization and observed (micro)structure. Compared to the initial glass, which showed DC conductivity (<i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub>) on the order of magnitude 10<sup>−7</sup> Ω<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> at 393 K, the obtained GCs exhibited a lower <i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub> ranging from 10<sup>−8</sup> to 10<sup>−10</sup> Ω<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. With the rise in HT temperature, <i>σ</i><sub>DC</sub> further decreased due to the crystallization of the NaPO<sub>3</sub> phase, depleting the glass matrix of mobile Na<sup>+</sup> ions. The prepared GCs showed improved dielectric parameters in comparison to the initial glass, with a noticeable increase in dielectric constant values (~20) followed by a decline in dielectric loss (~10<sup>−3</sup>) values as the HT temperatures rise. Particularly, the GC obtained at @450 stood out as the optimal sample, showcasing an elevated dielectric constant and low dielectric loss value, along with moderate ionic conductivity. This research uncovers the intricate relationship between heat-treatment conditions and material properties, emphasizing that controlled crystallization allows for precise modifications to microstructure and phase composition within the remaining glassy phase, ultimately facilitating the fine-tuning of material properties.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/2/306phosphate glassesphosphate glass-ceramicscontrolled crystallization(micro)structure-property relationshipIR-ATRPXRD |
| spellingShingle | Sara Marijan Marta Razum Kristina Sklepić Kerhač Petr Mošner Ladislav Koudelka Jana Pisk Andrea Moguš-Milanković Željko Skoko Luka Pavić The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study Materials phosphate glasses phosphate glass-ceramics controlled crystallization (micro)structure-property relationship IR-ATR PXRD |
| title | The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study |
| title_full | The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study |
| title_fullStr | The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study |
| title_short | The Crystallization Behavior of a Na<sub>2</sub>O-GeO<sub>2</sub>-P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Glass System: A (Micro)Structural, Electrical, and Dielectric Study |
| title_sort | crystallization behavior of a na sub 2 sub o geo sub 2 sub p sub 2 sub o sub 5 sub glass system a micro structural electrical and dielectric study |
| topic | phosphate glasses phosphate glass-ceramics controlled crystallization (micro)structure-property relationship IR-ATR PXRD |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/2/306 |
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