Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke
The etiologies of cryptogenic stroke are complex and heterogeneous. A number of uncommon etiologies are not fully recognized, some of which predominantly affect females. Most of these etiologies are closely related to the hormonal level, reproductive factors, coagulation function, and medications of...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.900991/full |
| _version_ | 1818213970553602048 |
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| author | Jing Dong Xin Ma Xin Ma Xin Ma |
| author_facet | Jing Dong Xin Ma Xin Ma Xin Ma |
| author_sort | Jing Dong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The etiologies of cryptogenic stroke are complex and heterogeneous. A number of uncommon etiologies are not fully recognized, some of which predominantly affect females. Most of these etiologies are closely related to the hormonal level, reproductive factors, coagulation function, and medications of females. Moreover, once cryptogenic stroke is diagnosed, females tend to have worse outcomes. Therefore, prompt etiological recognition and treatment are crucial for good recovery. The aim of this article is to review advances in exploring uncommon female-predominant etiologies of cryptogenic stroke. These etiologies are categorized into arterial, cardiac, and venous sources. Arterial vasoconstrictive narrowing, intimal injury, and intimal developmental abnormality can cause brain ischemia or artery-to-artery cerebral embolism. Myocardial contraction dysfunction, cardiac wall injury, and developmental abnormality can induce intracardiac thrombosis and lead to cardiac embolism. In addition, cortical venous thrombosis and occult venous thromboembolism via intracardiac or extracardiac channels also account for cryptogenic stroke in females. Due to the lack of knowledge, in clinical practice, the above etiologies are seldom assessed. The low incidence rate of these etiologies can lead to missed diagnosis. This review will provide novel clinical clues for the etiological diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke and will help to improve the management and secondary prevention of stroke in the female population. In the future, more studies are needed to explore the etiology and prevention strategies of cryptogenic stroke. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:12:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ac91e2b95aa4ced9ced97dd83ba61e5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T06:12:45Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ac91e2b95aa4ced9ced97dd83ba61e52022-12-22T00:35:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952022-06-011310.3389/fneur.2022.900991900991Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic StrokeJing Dong0Xin Ma1Xin Ma2Xin Ma3Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaNational Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, ChinaClinical Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease of Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaThe etiologies of cryptogenic stroke are complex and heterogeneous. A number of uncommon etiologies are not fully recognized, some of which predominantly affect females. Most of these etiologies are closely related to the hormonal level, reproductive factors, coagulation function, and medications of females. Moreover, once cryptogenic stroke is diagnosed, females tend to have worse outcomes. Therefore, prompt etiological recognition and treatment are crucial for good recovery. The aim of this article is to review advances in exploring uncommon female-predominant etiologies of cryptogenic stroke. These etiologies are categorized into arterial, cardiac, and venous sources. Arterial vasoconstrictive narrowing, intimal injury, and intimal developmental abnormality can cause brain ischemia or artery-to-artery cerebral embolism. Myocardial contraction dysfunction, cardiac wall injury, and developmental abnormality can induce intracardiac thrombosis and lead to cardiac embolism. In addition, cortical venous thrombosis and occult venous thromboembolism via intracardiac or extracardiac channels also account for cryptogenic stroke in females. Due to the lack of knowledge, in clinical practice, the above etiologies are seldom assessed. The low incidence rate of these etiologies can lead to missed diagnosis. This review will provide novel clinical clues for the etiological diagnosis of cryptogenic stroke and will help to improve the management and secondary prevention of stroke in the female population. In the future, more studies are needed to explore the etiology and prevention strategies of cryptogenic stroke.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.900991/fullfemaleetiologyuncommonstrokecryptogenic |
| spellingShingle | Jing Dong Xin Ma Xin Ma Xin Ma Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke Frontiers in Neurology female etiology uncommon stroke cryptogenic |
| title | Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke |
| title_full | Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke |
| title_fullStr | Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke |
| title_short | Uncommon Female-Predominant Etiologies of Cryptogenic Stroke |
| title_sort | uncommon female predominant etiologies of cryptogenic stroke |
| topic | female etiology uncommon stroke cryptogenic |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2022.900991/full |
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