Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method
Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in devel...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-06-01
|
| Series: | Polymers |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/12/2597 |
| _version_ | 1797592971156127744 |
|---|---|
| author | Agustinus Purna Irawan Deni Fajar Fitriyana Januar Parlaungan Siregar Tezara Cionita Paula Tjatoerwidya Anggarina Didi Widya Utama Teuku Rihayat Rusiyanto Rusiyanto Saeful Dimyati Muhammad Bustanul Aripin Rifky Ismail Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Gregorius Dimas Baskara Muhammad Khafidh Finny Pratama Putera Rahmadi Yotenka |
| author_facet | Agustinus Purna Irawan Deni Fajar Fitriyana Januar Parlaungan Siregar Tezara Cionita Paula Tjatoerwidya Anggarina Didi Widya Utama Teuku Rihayat Rusiyanto Rusiyanto Saeful Dimyati Muhammad Bustanul Aripin Rifky Ismail Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Gregorius Dimas Baskara Muhammad Khafidh Finny Pratama Putera Rahmadi Yotenka |
| author_sort | Agustinus Purna Irawan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), and iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:00:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ad43da2c3cd40ce8ec28c43475b41ff |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:00:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ad43da2c3cd40ce8ec28c43475b41ff2023-11-18T12:11:57ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-06-011512259710.3390/polym15122597Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup MethodAgustinus Purna Irawan0Deni Fajar Fitriyana1Januar Parlaungan Siregar2Tezara Cionita3Paula Tjatoerwidya Anggarina4Didi Widya Utama5Teuku Rihayat6Rusiyanto Rusiyanto7Saeful Dimyati8Muhammad Bustanul Aripin9Rifky Ismail10Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno11Gregorius Dimas Baskara12Muhammad Khafidh13Finny Pratama Putera14Rahmadi Yotenka15Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, IndonesiaFaculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pekan 26600, MalaysiaFaculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, MalaysiaFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, IndonesiaFaculty of Engineering, Universitas Tarumanagara, Jakarta 11480, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe 24301, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang 50275, IndonesiaSchool of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, IndonesiaDepartment of Statistics, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55584, IndonesiaBrake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), and iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 × 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>2</sup>/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/12/2597brake friction materialscompositesrice huskAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>sustainable development goals (SDGs) |
| spellingShingle | Agustinus Purna Irawan Deni Fajar Fitriyana Januar Parlaungan Siregar Tezara Cionita Paula Tjatoerwidya Anggarina Didi Widya Utama Teuku Rihayat Rusiyanto Rusiyanto Saeful Dimyati Muhammad Bustanul Aripin Rifky Ismail Athanasius Priharyoto Bayuseno Gregorius Dimas Baskara Muhammad Khafidh Finny Pratama Putera Rahmadi Yotenka Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method Polymers brake friction materials composites rice husk Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sustainable development goals (SDGs) |
| title | Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method |
| title_full | Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method |
| title_short | Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method |
| title_sort | influence of varying concentrations of epoxy rice husk al sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub and fe sub 2 sub o sub 3 sub on the properties of brake friction materials prepared using hand layup method |
| topic | brake friction materials composites rice husk Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sustainable development goals (SDGs) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/12/2597 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT agustinuspurnairawan influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT denifajarfitriyana influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT januarparlaungansiregar influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT tezaracionita influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT paulatjatoerwidyaanggarina influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT didiwidyautama influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT teukurihayat influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT rusiyantorusiyanto influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT saefuldimyati influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT muhammadbustanularipin influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT rifkyismail influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT athanasiuspriharyotobayuseno influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT gregoriusdimasbaskara influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT muhammadkhafidh influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT finnypratamaputera influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod AT rahmadiyotenka influenceofvaryingconcentrationsofepoxyricehuskalsub2subosub3subandfesub2subosub3subonthepropertiesofbrakefrictionmaterialspreparedusinghandlayupmethod |