Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations?
BACKGROUND: Our previous research and other studies with radiotracers showed evidence of a centripetal drainage pathway, separate from blood or lymphatic vessels, that can be visualized when a small amount of low molecular weight tracer is injected subcutaneously into a given region on skin of human...
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| Format: | Article |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2012-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3406065?pdf=render |
| _version_ | 1819067687645478912 |
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| author | Hong-yi Li Min Chen Jie-fu Yang Chong-qing Yang Liang Xu Fang Wang Jia-bin Tong You Lv Caidan Suonan |
| author_facet | Hong-yi Li Min Chen Jie-fu Yang Chong-qing Yang Liang Xu Fang Wang Jia-bin Tong You Lv Caidan Suonan |
| author_sort | Hong-yi Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BACKGROUND: Our previous research and other studies with radiotracers showed evidence of a centripetal drainage pathway, separate from blood or lymphatic vessels, that can be visualized when a small amount of low molecular weight tracer is injected subcutaneously into a given region on skin of humans. In order to further characterize this interesting biological phenomenon, animal experiments are designed to elucidate histological and physiologic characteristics of these visualized pathways. METHODS: Multiple tracers are injected subcutaneously into an acupuncture point of KI3 to visualize centripetal pathways by magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescein photography in 85 healthy rabbits. The pathways are compared with venography and indirect lymphangiography. Fluid flow through the pathways is observed by methods of altering their hydrated state, hydrolyzing by different collagenases, and histology is elucidated by optical, fluorescein and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Histological and magnetic imaging examinations of these visualized pathways show they consist of perivenous loose connective tissues. As evidenced by examinations of tracers' uptake, they appear to function as a draining pathway for free interstitial fluid. Fluorescein sodium from KI3 is found in the pathways of hind limbs and segments of the small intestines, partial pulmonary veins and results in pericardial effusion, suggesting systematical involvement of this perivenous pathway. The hydraulic conductivity of these pathways can be compromised by the collapse of their fiber-rich beds hydrolyzed by either of collagenase type I, III, IV or V. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of pathways comprising perivenous loose connective tissues with a high hydraulic conductivity draining interstitial fluid in hind limbs of a mammal suggests a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations. These findings may provide new insights into a systematically distributed collagenous connective tissue with a circulatory function and their potential relevance to the nature of acupuncture meridians. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:22:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4afcc18ef8244e919c56632338a90b86 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T16:22:13Z |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-4afcc18ef8244e919c56632338a90b862022-12-21T18:57:32ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032012-01-0177e4139510.1371/journal.pone.0041395Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations?Hong-yi LiMin ChenJie-fu YangChong-qing YangLiang XuFang WangJia-bin TongYou LvCaidan SuonanBACKGROUND: Our previous research and other studies with radiotracers showed evidence of a centripetal drainage pathway, separate from blood or lymphatic vessels, that can be visualized when a small amount of low molecular weight tracer is injected subcutaneously into a given region on skin of humans. In order to further characterize this interesting biological phenomenon, animal experiments are designed to elucidate histological and physiologic characteristics of these visualized pathways. METHODS: Multiple tracers are injected subcutaneously into an acupuncture point of KI3 to visualize centripetal pathways by magnetic resonance imaging or fluorescein photography in 85 healthy rabbits. The pathways are compared with venography and indirect lymphangiography. Fluid flow through the pathways is observed by methods of altering their hydrated state, hydrolyzing by different collagenases, and histology is elucidated by optical, fluorescein and electron microscopy. RESULTS: Histological and magnetic imaging examinations of these visualized pathways show they consist of perivenous loose connective tissues. As evidenced by examinations of tracers' uptake, they appear to function as a draining pathway for free interstitial fluid. Fluorescein sodium from KI3 is found in the pathways of hind limbs and segments of the small intestines, partial pulmonary veins and results in pericardial effusion, suggesting systematical involvement of this perivenous pathway. The hydraulic conductivity of these pathways can be compromised by the collapse of their fiber-rich beds hydrolyzed by either of collagenase type I, III, IV or V. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of pathways comprising perivenous loose connective tissues with a high hydraulic conductivity draining interstitial fluid in hind limbs of a mammal suggests a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations. These findings may provide new insights into a systematically distributed collagenous connective tissue with a circulatory function and their potential relevance to the nature of acupuncture meridians.http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3406065?pdf=render |
| spellingShingle | Hong-yi Li Min Chen Jie-fu Yang Chong-qing Yang Liang Xu Fang Wang Jia-bin Tong You Lv Caidan Suonan Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? PLoS ONE |
| title | Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? |
| title_full | Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? |
| title_fullStr | Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? |
| title_short | Fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits: is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations? |
| title_sort | fluid flow along venous adventitia in rabbits is it a potential drainage system complementary to vascular circulations |
| url | http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3406065?pdf=render |
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