A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication
Wireless communication at sea is an essential way to establish a smart ocean. In the communication system, however, signals are affected by the carrier frequency offset (CFO), which results from the Doppler effect and crystal frequency offset. The offset deteriorates the demodulation performance of...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/4/829 |
| _version_ | 1797604800518422528 |
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| author | Fengzhong Qu Zhengchao Li Minhao Zhang Xingbin Tu Yan Wei |
| author_facet | Fengzhong Qu Zhengchao Li Minhao Zhang Xingbin Tu Yan Wei |
| author_sort | Fengzhong Qu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wireless communication at sea is an essential way to establish a smart ocean. In the communication system, however, signals are affected by the carrier frequency offset (CFO), which results from the Doppler effect and crystal frequency offset. The offset deteriorates the demodulation performance of the communication system. The conventional Gardner bit-synchronization algorithm performs timing synchronization on the baseband, but it fails to solve the problem of carrier frequency offset. In this paper, a carrier-based timing-synchronization Gardner algorithm was proposed. The algorithm performed error detection in the carrier signal to estimate the synchronization error in real time and the time-domain expansion in the passband signal. Based on the estimated expansion factor, the algorithm located the sampling points of the ideal signal and re-interpolated all the sampling points on the passband to recover the passband signal without Doppler. This algorithm can solve both the frequency shift and time-domain expansion caused by the Doppler effect without further CFO estimation and compensation, thus reducing the overall computational complexity of the system. The simulations showed that the proposed algorithm greatly improves the ability of the communication system to combat Doppler compared to the conventional Gardner algorithm. The algorithm is primarily designed for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)-modulated signals under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and can be applied to various maritime communication scenarios. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:51:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b06a95c8ded4d05a938dfec93ccf9ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:51:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b06a95c8ded4d05a938dfec93ccf9ef2023-11-17T19:56:39ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122023-04-0111482910.3390/jmse11040829A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime CommunicationFengzhong Qu0Zhengchao Li1Minhao Zhang2Xingbin Tu3Yan Wei4The Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, ChinaThe Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology and Equipment, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, ChinaWireless communication at sea is an essential way to establish a smart ocean. In the communication system, however, signals are affected by the carrier frequency offset (CFO), which results from the Doppler effect and crystal frequency offset. The offset deteriorates the demodulation performance of the communication system. The conventional Gardner bit-synchronization algorithm performs timing synchronization on the baseband, but it fails to solve the problem of carrier frequency offset. In this paper, a carrier-based timing-synchronization Gardner algorithm was proposed. The algorithm performed error detection in the carrier signal to estimate the synchronization error in real time and the time-domain expansion in the passband signal. Based on the estimated expansion factor, the algorithm located the sampling points of the ideal signal and re-interpolated all the sampling points on the passband to recover the passband signal without Doppler. This algorithm can solve both the frequency shift and time-domain expansion caused by the Doppler effect without further CFO estimation and compensation, thus reducing the overall computational complexity of the system. The simulations showed that the proposed algorithm greatly improves the ability of the communication system to combat Doppler compared to the conventional Gardner algorithm. The algorithm is primarily designed for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)-modulated signals under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and can be applied to various maritime communication scenarios.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/4/829DopplerGardner algorithmcarriermaritime wireless communicationmedium wave |
| spellingShingle | Fengzhong Qu Zhengchao Li Minhao Zhang Xingbin Tu Yan Wei A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Doppler Gardner algorithm carrier maritime wireless communication medium wave |
| title | A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication |
| title_full | A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication |
| title_fullStr | A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication |
| title_short | A Carrier-Based Gardner Timing Synchronization Algorithm for BPSK Signal in Maritime Communication |
| title_sort | carrier based gardner timing synchronization algorithm for bpsk signal in maritime communication |
| topic | Doppler Gardner algorithm carrier maritime wireless communication medium wave |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/4/829 |
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