Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping
The disease anthrax occurs generally in herbivores and the causative organism (Bacillus anthracis) infects humans who come in contact with infected animals or their products. The persistence of anthrax spores for decades and its lethality contribute to its biowarfare potential. We conducted this sys...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-06-01
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| Series: | One Health |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771423000848 |
| _version_ | 1797805816669011968 |
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| author | Madhumathi Jayaprakasam Nabendu Chatterjee Mohammed Mudassar Chanda Sheikh Mohammed Shahabuddin Monil Singhai Simmi Tiwari Samiran Panda |
| author_facet | Madhumathi Jayaprakasam Nabendu Chatterjee Mohammed Mudassar Chanda Sheikh Mohammed Shahabuddin Monil Singhai Simmi Tiwari Samiran Panda |
| author_sort | Madhumathi Jayaprakasam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The disease anthrax occurs generally in herbivores and the causative organism (Bacillus anthracis) infects humans who come in contact with infected animals or their products. The persistence of anthrax spores for decades and its lethality contribute to its biowarfare potential. We conducted this systematic review along with risk mapping to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution, clinico-epidemiological, socio-behavioural and programmatic issues pertaining to anthrax in India over the last two decades.Peer reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies and grey literature comprising weekly reports of the ‘Integrated Disease Surveillance Program’ (IDSP), were accessed for extracting data. IDSP data were used for geo-referencing of the villages of anthrax cases; Pseudo-absence was generated to fit a Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model to develop anthrax risk map.The case fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax ranged from 2% to 38%, while the gastrointestinal and inhalational types were 100% fatal. Our synthesis revealed that human anthrax outbreaks in India were clustered around the eastern coastal regions. The states of Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand reported maximum number of outbreaks. Odisha reported a maximum number of 439 human anthrax cases since 2009, of which Koraput district contributed to 200 cases (46%). While handling or consumption of infected animal product were proximal drivers of these events, poverty, lack of awareness, traditional beliefs and local practices served as facilitatory factors. Other structural determinants were wild life-livestock interface, historical forest loss, soil pH, soil-water balance, organic carbon content, temperature, rainfall and humidity.The programmatic issues identified through this review were lack of active surveillance, non-availability of diagnostic facility at the periphery, delayed reporting, absence of routine livestock vaccination and lack of adequate veterinary services. Interventions based on One-health approach in the country merit immediate policy and program attention; high risk zones for anthrax identified during present investigation, should be prioritized. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T05:57:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b2e6b510a1441ed8b14ad3a868deedb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2352-7714 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T05:57:47Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | One Health |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b2e6b510a1441ed8b14ad3a868deedb2023-06-13T04:12:32ZengElsevierOne Health2352-77142023-06-0116100564Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mappingMadhumathi Jayaprakasam0Nabendu Chatterjee1Mohammed Mudassar Chanda2Sheikh Mohammed Shahabuddin3Monil Singhai4Simmi Tiwari5Samiran Panda6Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, IndiaDivision of Basic Medical Sciences, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, IndiaICAR - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bangalore, IndiaICMR –National AIDS Research Institute (NARI), Pune, IndiaCenter for Arboviral and Zoonotic Diseases (CAZD), National Center for Disease Control, New Delhi, IndiaDivision of Zoonotic Diseases Program, National Centre for Disease Control, New Delhi, IndiaIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India; Corresponding author at: ICMR -Dr AS Paintal Distinguished Scientist Chair, ICMR-National Institute for Implementation Research in Non-Communicable Diseases (NIIRNCD), Jodhpur, Rajasthan Indian Council of Medical Research, Ramalingaswamy Bhawan, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India.The disease anthrax occurs generally in herbivores and the causative organism (Bacillus anthracis) infects humans who come in contact with infected animals or their products. The persistence of anthrax spores for decades and its lethality contribute to its biowarfare potential. We conducted this systematic review along with risk mapping to investigate the spatio-temporal distribution, clinico-epidemiological, socio-behavioural and programmatic issues pertaining to anthrax in India over the last two decades.Peer reviewed quantitative and qualitative studies and grey literature comprising weekly reports of the ‘Integrated Disease Surveillance Program’ (IDSP), were accessed for extracting data. IDSP data were used for geo-referencing of the villages of anthrax cases; Pseudo-absence was generated to fit a Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) model to develop anthrax risk map.The case fatality rate of cutaneous anthrax ranged from 2% to 38%, while the gastrointestinal and inhalational types were 100% fatal. Our synthesis revealed that human anthrax outbreaks in India were clustered around the eastern coastal regions. The states of Odisha, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand reported maximum number of outbreaks. Odisha reported a maximum number of 439 human anthrax cases since 2009, of which Koraput district contributed to 200 cases (46%). While handling or consumption of infected animal product were proximal drivers of these events, poverty, lack of awareness, traditional beliefs and local practices served as facilitatory factors. Other structural determinants were wild life-livestock interface, historical forest loss, soil pH, soil-water balance, organic carbon content, temperature, rainfall and humidity.The programmatic issues identified through this review were lack of active surveillance, non-availability of diagnostic facility at the periphery, delayed reporting, absence of routine livestock vaccination and lack of adequate veterinary services. Interventions based on One-health approach in the country merit immediate policy and program attention; high risk zones for anthrax identified during present investigation, should be prioritized.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771423000848AnthraxSpatio-temporal distributionRisk mapBio-terrorismDisease elimination science & healthCommunity engagement & Strategic Communication |
| spellingShingle | Madhumathi Jayaprakasam Nabendu Chatterjee Mohammed Mudassar Chanda Sheikh Mohammed Shahabuddin Monil Singhai Simmi Tiwari Samiran Panda Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping One Health Anthrax Spatio-temporal distribution Risk map Bio-terrorism Disease elimination science & health Community engagement & Strategic Communication |
| title | Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping |
| title_full | Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping |
| title_fullStr | Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping |
| title_short | Human anthrax in India in recent times: A systematic review & risk mapping |
| title_sort | human anthrax in india in recent times a systematic review amp risk mapping |
| topic | Anthrax Spatio-temporal distribution Risk map Bio-terrorism Disease elimination science & health Community engagement & Strategic Communication |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771423000848 |
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