Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms
The presence of organic compounds such as ciprofloxacin in untreated pharmaceutical wastewater often poses a serious health risk to human and aquatic life when discharged into water bodies. One of the most effective means of removing ciprofloxacin from wastewater is photocatalytic degradation. Howev...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Catalysts |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/12/1663 |
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| author | Sarah A. Abdulrahman Zainab Y. Shnain Salah S. Ibrahim Hasan Sh. Majdi |
| author_facet | Sarah A. Abdulrahman Zainab Y. Shnain Salah S. Ibrahim Hasan Sh. Majdi |
| author_sort | Sarah A. Abdulrahman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The presence of organic compounds such as ciprofloxacin in untreated pharmaceutical wastewater often poses a serious health risk to human and aquatic life when discharged into water bodies. One of the most effective means of removing ciprofloxacin from wastewater is photocatalytic degradation. However, the synthesis of an effective photocatalyst that can degrade the organic pollutant in the wastewater is often a challenge. Hence, this study focuses on the synthesis and application of nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> (N-TiO<sub>2</sub>) in suspension and coated forms for the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in wastewater by applying UV-light irradiation. The nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation process and characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the initial concentration of the ciprofloxacin (6, 12, 18, or 30 ppm), pH (3, 5, 7, or 9), and flow rate (0.4, 0.8, 0.95, or 1.5 L/min) on the degradation of the ciprofloxacin over the N-TiO<sub>2</sub> were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin was enhanced by increasing the initial ciprofloxacin concentration, while it was decreased with the increase in the feed flow rate. The best operating conditions were obtained using an initial ciprofloxacin concentration of 30 ppm, pH of 5, and feed flow rate of 0.4 L/min. Under these operating conditions, removal efficiencies of 87.87% and 93.6% were obtained for net TiO<sub>2</sub> and N-TiO<sub>2</sub> of 5 wt% in suspension form, respectively, while 94.5% ciprofloxacin removal efficiency was obtained using coated 5 wt% N-TiO<sub>2</sub> after 2 h of photocatalytic degradation. Based on the response surface optimization strategy, a quadratic model was suggested to obtain mathematical expressions to predict the ciprofloxacin removal efficiency under various studied operational parameters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:13:15Z |
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| issn | 2073-4344 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:13:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4b3397acc38c4e67892da1e058ce56a12023-11-24T13:52:54ZengMDPI AGCatalysts2073-43442022-12-011212166310.3390/catal12121663Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated FormsSarah A. Abdulrahman0Zainab Y. Shnain1Salah S. Ibrahim2Hasan Sh. Majdi3Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, IraqChemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, IraqChemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, IraqDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51001, IraqThe presence of organic compounds such as ciprofloxacin in untreated pharmaceutical wastewater often poses a serious health risk to human and aquatic life when discharged into water bodies. One of the most effective means of removing ciprofloxacin from wastewater is photocatalytic degradation. However, the synthesis of an effective photocatalyst that can degrade the organic pollutant in the wastewater is often a challenge. Hence, this study focuses on the synthesis and application of nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> (N-TiO<sub>2</sub>) in suspension and coated forms for the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in wastewater by applying UV-light irradiation. The nitrogen-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst was prepared by a co-precipitation process and characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the initial concentration of the ciprofloxacin (6, 12, 18, or 30 ppm), pH (3, 5, 7, or 9), and flow rate (0.4, 0.8, 0.95, or 1.5 L/min) on the degradation of the ciprofloxacin over the N-TiO<sub>2</sub> were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency of ciprofloxacin was enhanced by increasing the initial ciprofloxacin concentration, while it was decreased with the increase in the feed flow rate. The best operating conditions were obtained using an initial ciprofloxacin concentration of 30 ppm, pH of 5, and feed flow rate of 0.4 L/min. Under these operating conditions, removal efficiencies of 87.87% and 93.6% were obtained for net TiO<sub>2</sub> and N-TiO<sub>2</sub> of 5 wt% in suspension form, respectively, while 94.5% ciprofloxacin removal efficiency was obtained using coated 5 wt% N-TiO<sub>2</sub> after 2 h of photocatalytic degradation. Based on the response surface optimization strategy, a quadratic model was suggested to obtain mathematical expressions to predict the ciprofloxacin removal efficiency under various studied operational parameters.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/12/1663photocatalysisciprofloxacintitanium dioxide TiO<sub>2</sub>N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> |
| spellingShingle | Sarah A. Abdulrahman Zainab Y. Shnain Salah S. Ibrahim Hasan Sh. Majdi Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms Catalysts photocatalysis ciprofloxacin titanium dioxide TiO<sub>2</sub> N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> |
| title | Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms |
| title_full | Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms |
| title_fullStr | Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms |
| title_short | Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by UV Light Using N-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub> in Suspension and Coated Forms |
| title_sort | photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin by uv light using n doped tio sub 2 sub in suspension and coated forms |
| topic | photocatalysis ciprofloxacin titanium dioxide TiO<sub>2</sub> N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/12/12/1663 |
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