Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals
Industrial interest in surfactants of microbial origin has intensified recently due to the characteristics of these compounds, such as biodegradability and reduced toxicity, and their efficiency in removing heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds from soils and waters. The aim of this study w...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Microorganisms |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/11/2772 |
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| author | Renata Raianny da Silva Júlio C. V. Santos Hugo M. Meira Sérgio M. Almeida Leonie A. Sarubbo Juliana M. Luna |
| author_facet | Renata Raianny da Silva Júlio C. V. Santos Hugo M. Meira Sérgio M. Almeida Leonie A. Sarubbo Juliana M. Luna |
| author_sort | Renata Raianny da Silva |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Industrial interest in surfactants of microbial origin has intensified recently due to the characteristics of these compounds, such as biodegradability and reduced toxicity, and their efficiency in removing heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds from soils and waters. The aim of this study was to produce a biosurfactant using <i>Candida bombicola</i> URM 3712 in a low-cost medium containing 5.0% molasses, 3.0% corn steep liquor and 2.5% residual frying oil for 144 h at 200 rmp. Measurements of engine oil tension and emulsification were made under extreme conditions of temperature (0 °C, 5 °C, 70 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C), pH (2–12) and NaCl concentrations (2–12), demonstrating the stability of the biosurfactant. The isolated biosurfactant was characterized as an anionic molecule with the ability to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 29 mN/m, with a critical micellar concentration of 0.5%. The biosurfactant had no toxic effect on vegetable seeds or on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as a bioindicator. Applications in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils under dynamic conditions demonstrated the potential of the crude and isolated biosurfactant in the removal of Fe, Zn and Pb with percentages between 70 and 88%, with the highest removal of Pb being 48%. The highest percentage of removal was obtained using the cell-free metabolic liquid, which was able to remove 48, 71 and 88% of lead, zinc and iron from the soil, respectively. Tests in packed columns also confirmed the biosurfactant’s ability to remove Fe, Zn and Pb between 40 and 65%. The removal kinetics demonstrated an increasing percentage, reaching removal of 50, 70 and 85% for Pb, Zn and Fe, respectively, reaching a greater removal efficiency at the end of 24 h. The biosurfactant was also able to significantly reduce the electrical conductivity of solutions containing heavy metals. The biosurfactant produced by <i>Candida bombicola</i> has potential as an adjuvant in industrial processes for remediating soils and effluents polluted by inorganic contaminants. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:35:06Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b6c5a7c717b49f4afbf7048bfb519f9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:35:06Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b6c5a7c717b49f4afbf7048bfb519f92023-11-24T14:57:12ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072023-11-011111277210.3390/microorganisms11112772Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy MetalsRenata Raianny da Silva0Júlio C. V. Santos1Hugo M. Meira2Sérgio M. Almeida3Leonie A. Sarubbo4Juliana M. Luna5Northeast Biotechnology Network (Renorbio), Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, Recife 52171-900, PE, BrazilEnvironmental Process Development (PPGDPA), Catholic University of Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, PE, BrazilAdvanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Rua Potira de Brito, n.216, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, PE, BrazilSchool of Health and Life Sciences, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Recife 50050-900, PE, BrazilAdvanced Institute of Technology and Innovation (IATI), Rua Potira de Brito, n.216, Boa Vista, Recife 50050-900, PE, BrazilSchool of Health and Life Sciences, Catholic University of Pernambuco, Rua do Príncipe, n. 526, Recife 50050-900, PE, BrazilIndustrial interest in surfactants of microbial origin has intensified recently due to the characteristics of these compounds, such as biodegradability and reduced toxicity, and their efficiency in removing heavy metals and hydrophobic organic compounds from soils and waters. The aim of this study was to produce a biosurfactant using <i>Candida bombicola</i> URM 3712 in a low-cost medium containing 5.0% molasses, 3.0% corn steep liquor and 2.5% residual frying oil for 144 h at 200 rmp. Measurements of engine oil tension and emulsification were made under extreme conditions of temperature (0 °C, 5 °C, 70 °C, 100 °C and 120 °C), pH (2–12) and NaCl concentrations (2–12), demonstrating the stability of the biosurfactant. The isolated biosurfactant was characterized as an anionic molecule with the ability to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 29 mN/m, with a critical micellar concentration of 0.5%. The biosurfactant had no toxic effect on vegetable seeds or on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> as a bioindicator. Applications in the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils under dynamic conditions demonstrated the potential of the crude and isolated biosurfactant in the removal of Fe, Zn and Pb with percentages between 70 and 88%, with the highest removal of Pb being 48%. The highest percentage of removal was obtained using the cell-free metabolic liquid, which was able to remove 48, 71 and 88% of lead, zinc and iron from the soil, respectively. Tests in packed columns also confirmed the biosurfactant’s ability to remove Fe, Zn and Pb between 40 and 65%. The removal kinetics demonstrated an increasing percentage, reaching removal of 50, 70 and 85% for Pb, Zn and Fe, respectively, reaching a greater removal efficiency at the end of 24 h. The biosurfactant was also able to significantly reduce the electrical conductivity of solutions containing heavy metals. The biosurfactant produced by <i>Candida bombicola</i> has potential as an adjuvant in industrial processes for remediating soils and effluents polluted by inorganic contaminants.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/11/2772<i>Candida bombicola</i>biosurfactantheavy metalsbioremediation |
| spellingShingle | Renata Raianny da Silva Júlio C. V. Santos Hugo M. Meira Sérgio M. Almeida Leonie A. Sarubbo Juliana M. Luna Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals Microorganisms <i>Candida bombicola</i> biosurfactant heavy metals bioremediation |
| title | Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals |
| title_full | Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals |
| title_fullStr | Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals |
| title_short | Microbial Biosurfactant: <i>Candida bombicola</i> as a Potential Remediator of Environments Contaminated by Heavy Metals |
| title_sort | microbial biosurfactant i candida bombicola i as a potential remediator of environments contaminated by heavy metals |
| topic | <i>Candida bombicola</i> biosurfactant heavy metals bioremediation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/11/11/2772 |
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