Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns
The association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage has become a growing global concern. Many lower-middle income countries including Timor-Leste (TL) have limited information on antimicrobial usage, although recent research suggests increasing resistance rates among human patho...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/12/1468 |
| _version_ | 1797506859400167424 |
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| author | Lisa Harris Alexander Bongers Jennifer Yan Joshua R Francis Ian Marr Susanna Lake Santana Martins |
| author_facet | Lisa Harris Alexander Bongers Jennifer Yan Joshua R Francis Ian Marr Susanna Lake Santana Martins |
| author_sort | Lisa Harris |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage has become a growing global concern. Many lower-middle income countries including Timor-Leste (TL) have limited information on antimicrobial usage, although recent research suggests increasing resistance rates among human pathogens there. The aim of this study was to use distribution data to estimate antibiotic consumption at both the national and sub-national level in Timor-Leste, stratifying into resistance class and adherence to the national essential medicines list (EML) and WHO AWaRe guidelines. A retrospective review of distribution data from Timor-Leste central medical store (SAMES) was undertaken to give a defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day using WHO methodology. National antibiotic distribution in the TL EML in 2019 was estimated at 11.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day, comparable to consumption rates observed in other lower-middle-income countries using similar methodology. Differences in distribution quantities were noted between municipalities, with 4 of the 13 municipalities notably above the national average and around 32% of listed restricted antimicrobials distributed incongruent with the EML. This study provides insights into estimated antimicrobial consumption in Timor-Leste that has previously been poorly defined. Estimates of consumption can be used to understand emerging resistance in this small island nation, add to the body of knowledge on antimicrobial use to advise policy and guideline development, and help with stewardship activities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:39:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b7b4203ab4a41508802ee9ec4ae65f7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T04:39:27Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b7b4203ab4a41508802ee9ec4ae65f72023-11-23T03:30:18ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822021-11-011012146810.3390/antibiotics10121468Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage PatternsLisa Harris0Alexander Bongers1Jennifer Yan2Joshua R Francis3Ian Marr4Susanna Lake5Santana Martins6Procurelink, North Geelong, VIC 3215, AustraliaProcurelink, North Geelong, VIC 3215, AustraliaMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0811, AustraliaMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0811, AustraliaMenzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0811, AustraliaMurdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3000, AustraliaServico Autonomo Medicamentos e Equipamentos da Saude, Dili, Timor-LesteThe association between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial usage has become a growing global concern. Many lower-middle income countries including Timor-Leste (TL) have limited information on antimicrobial usage, although recent research suggests increasing resistance rates among human pathogens there. The aim of this study was to use distribution data to estimate antibiotic consumption at both the national and sub-national level in Timor-Leste, stratifying into resistance class and adherence to the national essential medicines list (EML) and WHO AWaRe guidelines. A retrospective review of distribution data from Timor-Leste central medical store (SAMES) was undertaken to give a defined daily dose (DDD)/1000 inhabitants/day using WHO methodology. National antibiotic distribution in the TL EML in 2019 was estimated at 11.1 DDD/1000 inhabitants/day, comparable to consumption rates observed in other lower-middle-income countries using similar methodology. Differences in distribution quantities were noted between municipalities, with 4 of the 13 municipalities notably above the national average and around 32% of listed restricted antimicrobials distributed incongruent with the EML. This study provides insights into estimated antimicrobial consumption in Timor-Leste that has previously been poorly defined. Estimates of consumption can be used to understand emerging resistance in this small island nation, add to the body of knowledge on antimicrobial use to advise policy and guideline development, and help with stewardship activities.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/12/1468antimicrobial consumptionantimicrobial usageantimicrobial resistancedistribution datalow-middle income countrylogistics management information system |
| spellingShingle | Lisa Harris Alexander Bongers Jennifer Yan Joshua R Francis Ian Marr Susanna Lake Santana Martins Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns Antibiotics antimicrobial consumption antimicrobial usage antimicrobial resistance distribution data low-middle income country logistics management information system |
| title | Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns |
| title_full | Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns |
| title_fullStr | Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns |
| title_short | Estimates of Antibacterial Consumption in Timor-Leste Using Distribution Data and Variation in Municipality Usage Patterns |
| title_sort | estimates of antibacterial consumption in timor leste using distribution data and variation in municipality usage patterns |
| topic | antimicrobial consumption antimicrobial usage antimicrobial resistance distribution data low-middle income country logistics management information system |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/10/12/1468 |
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