Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva
Neonatal diabetes is estimated to affect 1 in every 95,000 to 1 in every 400,000 live births. Male and female infants are equally affected by the disease, which has been recorded in all ethnic groups. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops within the first six months of lif...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The University of Lahore
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Pakistan Journal of Engineering & Technology |
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| Online Access: | https://hpej.net/journals/pakjet/article/view/2068 |
| _version_ | 1828379498979000320 |
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| author | Syeda Rida Zehra Hamdani Maria Tahir Faraz Akram Muhammad Sadiq Orakzai Saqib Amin Zohaib A. Khan |
| author_facet | Syeda Rida Zehra Hamdani Maria Tahir Faraz Akram Muhammad Sadiq Orakzai Saqib Amin Zohaib A. Khan |
| author_sort | Syeda Rida Zehra Hamdani |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
Neonatal diabetes is estimated to affect 1 in every 95,000 to 1 in every 400,000 live births. Male and female infants are equally affected by the disease, which has been recorded in all ethnic groups. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops within the first six months of life. Insulin is a hormone that aids in the production of energy in our cells. This condition causes infants to produce insufficient insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is very important to design a testing device that can monitor premature babies indicating symptoms of diabetes. Recognizing the signs of diabetes in an infant might be difficult because diabetes in babies is not common. Frequent wet diapers, a high appetite, dehydration, and weight loss are all signs of neonatal diabetes. Once you have diabetes, you're used to having to take tests to monitor your condition. Conventionally invasive methods are used to check neonatal diabetes which is a painful procedure for infants as it requires prinking to draw blood several times per day. Therefore, this paper aims to design a non-invasive testing design for neonatal diabetes that is not painful to babies. There are several non-invasive ways to test blood glucose levels; urine, sweat, and saliva. Urine tests can be used to detect glucose levels in urine and check for the presence of ketones. The presence of ketone above the threshold indicates a high blood glucose level of over 300ml/dL. Sweat is also used to test diabetes. Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) is caused by high blood sugar levels, and it indicates that blood sugar control has to be tightened. Saliva is a new medium to measure blood glucose levels and research is going on its use to measure diabetes. Previous research has found a strong relationship between blood glucose levels and saliva glucose levels. In this paper, saliva is used as a non-invasive method to measure neonatal diabetes. Saliva containing glucose is collected and treated with glucose oxidase. H2O2 produced during this reaction is further treated and an optical sensor along with a microcontroller is used to measure the concentration of blood glucose. The expected results based on the study indicate the amount of glucose in the saliva increases in proportion to the amount of glucose in the blood and confirms the relationship between glucose concentrations in the blood and saliva, implying that the proposed design can take the place of the existing devices. However, more tests should be carried out to improve the efficacy of the proposed design for detecting glucose in saliva.
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| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:41:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b8979e5fe8b4de9975bb56aa832394e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2664-2042 2664-2050 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T03:41:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | The University of Lahore |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pakistan Journal of Engineering & Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b8979e5fe8b4de9975bb56aa832394e2022-12-22T02:03:32ZengThe University of LahorePakistan Journal of Engineering & Technology2664-20422664-20502022-09-015210.51846/vol5iss2pp193-197Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using SalivaSyeda Rida Zehra Hamdani0Maria Tahir1Faraz Akram2Muhammad Sadiq Orakzai3Saqib Amin4Zohaib A. Khan5Department of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Riphah International University Islamabad, Pakistan Neonatal diabetes is estimated to affect 1 in every 95,000 to 1 in every 400,000 live births. Male and female infants are equally affected by the disease, which has been recorded in all ethnic groups. Neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that develops within the first six months of life. Insulin is a hormone that aids in the production of energy in our cells. This condition causes infants to produce insufficient insulin, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is very important to design a testing device that can monitor premature babies indicating symptoms of diabetes. Recognizing the signs of diabetes in an infant might be difficult because diabetes in babies is not common. Frequent wet diapers, a high appetite, dehydration, and weight loss are all signs of neonatal diabetes. Once you have diabetes, you're used to having to take tests to monitor your condition. Conventionally invasive methods are used to check neonatal diabetes which is a painful procedure for infants as it requires prinking to draw blood several times per day. Therefore, this paper aims to design a non-invasive testing design for neonatal diabetes that is not painful to babies. There are several non-invasive ways to test blood glucose levels; urine, sweat, and saliva. Urine tests can be used to detect glucose levels in urine and check for the presence of ketones. The presence of ketone above the threshold indicates a high blood glucose level of over 300ml/dL. Sweat is also used to test diabetes. Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating) is caused by high blood sugar levels, and it indicates that blood sugar control has to be tightened. Saliva is a new medium to measure blood glucose levels and research is going on its use to measure diabetes. Previous research has found a strong relationship between blood glucose levels and saliva glucose levels. In this paper, saliva is used as a non-invasive method to measure neonatal diabetes. Saliva containing glucose is collected and treated with glucose oxidase. H2O2 produced during this reaction is further treated and an optical sensor along with a microcontroller is used to measure the concentration of blood glucose. The expected results based on the study indicate the amount of glucose in the saliva increases in proportion to the amount of glucose in the blood and confirms the relationship between glucose concentrations in the blood and saliva, implying that the proposed design can take the place of the existing devices. However, more tests should be carried out to improve the efficacy of the proposed design for detecting glucose in saliva. https://hpej.net/journals/pakjet/article/view/2068Neonatal Diabetes, Invasive Testing, Non-Invasive Testing |
| spellingShingle | Syeda Rida Zehra Hamdani Maria Tahir Faraz Akram Muhammad Sadiq Orakzai Saqib Amin Zohaib A. Khan Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva Pakistan Journal of Engineering & Technology Neonatal Diabetes, Invasive Testing, Non-Invasive Testing |
| title | Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva |
| title_full | Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva |
| title_fullStr | Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva |
| title_full_unstemmed | Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva |
| title_short | Designing A Non-Invasive Testing Device for Infant Diabetes using Saliva |
| title_sort | designing a non invasive testing device for infant diabetes using saliva |
| topic | Neonatal Diabetes, Invasive Testing, Non-Invasive Testing |
| url | https://hpej.net/journals/pakjet/article/view/2068 |
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