Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal
An efficient enhancement of 2.78 μm emission from the transition of Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> → <sup>4</sup>I<sub>13/2</sub> by Tm<sup>3+</sup> introduction in the Er/Tm: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal w...
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Crystals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/9/1024 |
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| author | Jiayu Liao Qiudi Chen Xiaochen Niu Peixiong Zhang Huiyu Tan Fengkai Ma Zhen Li Siqi Zhu Yin Hang Qiguo Yang Zhenqiang Chen |
| author_facet | Jiayu Liao Qiudi Chen Xiaochen Niu Peixiong Zhang Huiyu Tan Fengkai Ma Zhen Li Siqi Zhu Yin Hang Qiguo Yang Zhenqiang Chen |
| author_sort | Jiayu Liao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An efficient enhancement of 2.78 μm emission from the transition of Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> → <sup>4</sup>I<sub>13/2</sub> by Tm<sup>3+</sup> introduction in the Er/Tm: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal was grown by the Bridgman technique for the first time. The spectroscopic properties, energy transfer mechanism, and first-principles calculations of as-grown crystals were investigated in detail. The co-doped Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion can offer an appropriate sensitization and deactivation effect for Er<sup>3+</sup> ion at the same time in PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal under the pump of conventional 800 nm laser diodes (LDs). With the introduction of Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion into the Er<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal, the Er/Tm: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal exhibited an enhancing 2.78 μm mid-infrared (MIR) emission. Furthermore, the cyclic energy transfer mechanism that contains several energy transfer processes and cross-relaxation processes was proposed, which would well achieve the population inversion between the Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> and Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>13/2</sub> levels. First-principles calculations were performed to find that good performance originates from the uniform distribution of Er<sup>3+</sup> and Tm<sup>3+</sup> ions in PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal. This work will provide an avenue to design MIR laser materials with good performance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:47:18Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4352 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:47:18Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Crystals |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b898c3f0a4b494ca833f7adfa7fb4a22023-11-22T12:34:42ZengMDPI AGCrystals2073-43522021-08-01119102410.3390/cryst11091024Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser CrystalJiayu Liao0Qiudi Chen1Xiaochen Niu2Peixiong Zhang3Huiyu Tan4Fengkai Ma5Zhen Li6Siqi Zhu7Yin Hang8Qiguo Yang9Zhenqiang Chen10Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaKey Laboratory of High Power Laser Materials, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Ultrashort Pulse Laser Technology, Shenzhen 518055, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou 510630, ChinaAn efficient enhancement of 2.78 μm emission from the transition of Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> → <sup>4</sup>I<sub>13/2</sub> by Tm<sup>3+</sup> introduction in the Er/Tm: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal was grown by the Bridgman technique for the first time. The spectroscopic properties, energy transfer mechanism, and first-principles calculations of as-grown crystals were investigated in detail. The co-doped Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion can offer an appropriate sensitization and deactivation effect for Er<sup>3+</sup> ion at the same time in PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal under the pump of conventional 800 nm laser diodes (LDs). With the introduction of Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion into the Er<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal, the Er/Tm: PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal exhibited an enhancing 2.78 μm mid-infrared (MIR) emission. Furthermore, the cyclic energy transfer mechanism that contains several energy transfer processes and cross-relaxation processes was proposed, which would well achieve the population inversion between the Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>11/2</sub> and Er<sup>3+</sup>: <sup>4</sup>I<sub>13/2</sub> levels. First-principles calculations were performed to find that good performance originates from the uniform distribution of Er<sup>3+</sup> and Tm<sup>3+</sup> ions in PbF<sub>2</sub> crystal. This work will provide an avenue to design MIR laser materials with good performance.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/9/10242.78 μm mid-infrared emissionEr/TmPbF<sub>2</sub> laser crystalenergy transfer mechanismfirst-principles calculation |
| spellingShingle | Jiayu Liao Qiudi Chen Xiaochen Niu Peixiong Zhang Huiyu Tan Fengkai Ma Zhen Li Siqi Zhu Yin Hang Qiguo Yang Zhenqiang Chen Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal Crystals 2.78 μm mid-infrared emission Er/Tm PbF<sub>2</sub> laser crystal energy transfer mechanism first-principles calculation |
| title | Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal |
| title_full | Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal |
| title_fullStr | Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal |
| title_short | Energy Transfer and Cross-Relaxation Induced Efficient 2.78 μm Emission in Er<sup>3+</sup>/Tm<sup>3+</sup>: PbF<sub>2</sub> mid-Infrared Laser Crystal |
| title_sort | energy transfer and cross relaxation induced efficient 2 78 μm emission in er sup 3 sup tm sup 3 sup pbf sub 2 sub mid infrared laser crystal |
| topic | 2.78 μm mid-infrared emission Er/Tm PbF<sub>2</sub> laser crystal energy transfer mechanism first-principles calculation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4352/11/9/1024 |
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