Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride
The influence of the method of applying the activating additive ammonium chloride and its concentration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramic obtained by cold sintering at 244 °C was investigated. The activating agent was applied by two methods: impregnation and subsequent autoclav...
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| author | Andrey V. Smirnov Maxim V. Kornyushin Anastasia A. Kholodkova Sergey A. Melnikov Artem D. Stepanov Elena V. Fesik Vilen V. Mnatsakanyan Anton Smirnov Yurii D. Ivakin |
| author_facet | Andrey V. Smirnov Maxim V. Kornyushin Anastasia A. Kholodkova Sergey A. Melnikov Artem D. Stepanov Elena V. Fesik Vilen V. Mnatsakanyan Anton Smirnov Yurii D. Ivakin |
| author_sort | Andrey V. Smirnov |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The influence of the method of applying the activating additive ammonium chloride and its concentration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramic obtained by cold sintering at 244 °C was investigated. The activating agent was applied by two methods: impregnation and subsequent autoclave treatment. When the powder was activated by the impregnation method, the crystal sizes remained at the initial level of 0.17–0.19 μm. After the autoclave treatment, the crystal sizes increased to 0.31–0.53 μm. Samples of cold sintering ZnO with relative density up to 0.96 and average grain sizes 0.29–0.86 μm were obtained. ZnO powders and ceramic samples were analyzed using SEM, TGA/DSC, and XRD to reveal the effect of the powder activation method and cold sintering conditions on the material microstructure. The effect of ammonium chloride concentration on grain growth and microstructure of ceramic samples is shown. It was found that the average grain size of ceramic samples with an increase in additive concentration passes through a minimum. In cold sintering of the autoclave activated powder, the effect of reducing the average grain size was observed. The results of this work are discussed on the basis of the idea of the solid-phase mobility of the crystal structure arising when interacting with an aqueous medium. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:52Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T09:54:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b8e4fc1dd7a4925b56877e60db4be932023-11-16T15:51:16ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-01-0116140810.3390/ma16010408Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium ChlorideAndrey V. Smirnov0Maxim V. Kornyushin1Anastasia A. Kholodkova2Sergey A. Melnikov3Artem D. Stepanov4Elena V. Fesik5Vilen V. Mnatsakanyan6Anton Smirnov7Yurii D. Ivakin8Mobile Solutions Engineering Center, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, RussiaMobile Solutions Engineering Center, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, RussiaMobile Solutions Engineering Center, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, RussiaMaterials Science Department, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, RussiaMaterials Science Department, Moscow Polytechnic University, 107023 Moscow, RussiaM.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, RussiaDepartment of Education Informatization, Institute of Digital Education, Moscow City University, 129226 Moscow, RussiaLaboratory of 3D Structural and Functional Engineering, Moscow State University of Technology “STANKIN”, 127055 Moscow, RussiaMobile Solutions Engineering Center, MIREA-Russian Technological University, 119454 Moscow, RussiaThe influence of the method of applying the activating additive ammonium chloride and its concentration on the density and microstructure of zinc oxide ceramic obtained by cold sintering at 244 °C was investigated. The activating agent was applied by two methods: impregnation and subsequent autoclave treatment. When the powder was activated by the impregnation method, the crystal sizes remained at the initial level of 0.17–0.19 μm. After the autoclave treatment, the crystal sizes increased to 0.31–0.53 μm. Samples of cold sintering ZnO with relative density up to 0.96 and average grain sizes 0.29–0.86 μm were obtained. ZnO powders and ceramic samples were analyzed using SEM, TGA/DSC, and XRD to reveal the effect of the powder activation method and cold sintering conditions on the material microstructure. The effect of ammonium chloride concentration on grain growth and microstructure of ceramic samples is shown. It was found that the average grain size of ceramic samples with an increase in additive concentration passes through a minimum. In cold sintering of the autoclave activated powder, the effect of reducing the average grain size was observed. The results of this work are discussed on the basis of the idea of the solid-phase mobility of the crystal structure arising when interacting with an aqueous medium.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/408oxide ceramicszinc oxidecold sinteringthermo-vapor treatmentmicrostructure |
| spellingShingle | Andrey V. Smirnov Maxim V. Kornyushin Anastasia A. Kholodkova Sergey A. Melnikov Artem D. Stepanov Elena V. Fesik Vilen V. Mnatsakanyan Anton Smirnov Yurii D. Ivakin Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride Materials oxide ceramics zinc oxide cold sintering thermo-vapor treatment microstructure |
| title | Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride |
| title_full | Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride |
| title_short | Evaluation of the Role of the Activating Application Method in the Cold Sintering Process of ZnO Ceramics Using Ammonium Chloride |
| title_sort | evaluation of the role of the activating application method in the cold sintering process of zno ceramics using ammonium chloride |
| topic | oxide ceramics zinc oxide cold sintering thermo-vapor treatment microstructure |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/1/408 |
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