Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies
The present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included st...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/8/2/59 |
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| author | Brad J. Schoenfeld Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis Alec Piñero Ryan Burke Max Coleman Adam E. Mohan Guillermo Escalante Alexa Rukstela Bill Campbell Eric Helms |
| author_facet | Brad J. Schoenfeld Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis Alec Piñero Ryan Burke Max Coleman Adam E. Mohan Guillermo Escalante Alexa Rukstela Bill Campbell Eric Helms |
| author_sort | Brad J. Schoenfeld |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included studies that (1) were classified as case studies involving physique athletes during the pre-contest phase of their competitive cycle; (2) involved adults (18+ years of age) as participants; (3) were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (4) had a pre-contest duration of at least 3 months; (5) reported changes across contest preparation relating to measures of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density), neuromuscular performance (strength and power), chronic hormonal levels (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin), physiological adaptations (maximal aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, menstrual function, and sleep quality), and/or psychometric outcomes (mood states and food desire). Our review ultimately included 11 case studies comprising 15 ostensibly drug-free athletes (male = 8, female = 7) who competed in various physique-oriented divisions including bodybuilding, figure, and bikini. The results indicated marked alterations across the array of analyzed outcomes, sometimes with high inter-individual variability and divergent sex-specific responses. The complexities and implications of these findings are discussed herein. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:17:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4b93e42ded544aedbd42de80e6df79d5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2411-5142 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:17:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-4b93e42ded544aedbd42de80e6df79d52023-11-18T11:03:54ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology2411-51422023-05-01825910.3390/jfmk8020059Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case StudiesBrad J. Schoenfeld0Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis1Alec Piñero2Ryan Burke3Max Coleman4Adam E. Mohan5Guillermo Escalante6Alexa Rukstela7Bill Campbell8Eric Helms9Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Exercise Science and Recreation, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USADepartment of Kinesiology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USAExercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USAExercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USASport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New ZealandThe present paper aimed to systematically review case studies on physique athletes to evaluate longitudinal changes in measures of body composition, neuromuscular performance, chronic hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. We included studies that (1) were classified as case studies involving physique athletes during the pre-contest phase of their competitive cycle; (2) involved adults (18+ years of age) as participants; (3) were published in an English-language peer-reviewed journal; (4) had a pre-contest duration of at least 3 months; (5) reported changes across contest preparation relating to measures of body composition (fat mass, lean mass, and bone mineral density), neuromuscular performance (strength and power), chronic hormonal levels (testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin), physiological adaptations (maximal aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, heart rate, blood pressure, menstrual function, and sleep quality), and/or psychometric outcomes (mood states and food desire). Our review ultimately included 11 case studies comprising 15 ostensibly drug-free athletes (male = 8, female = 7) who competed in various physique-oriented divisions including bodybuilding, figure, and bikini. The results indicated marked alterations across the array of analyzed outcomes, sometimes with high inter-individual variability and divergent sex-specific responses. The complexities and implications of these findings are discussed herein.https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/8/2/59bodybuildingbikinifigurepre-contesteffects |
| spellingShingle | Brad J. Schoenfeld Patroklos Androulakis-Korakakis Alec Piñero Ryan Burke Max Coleman Adam E. Mohan Guillermo Escalante Alexa Rukstela Bill Campbell Eric Helms Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology bodybuilding bikini figure pre-contest effects |
| title | Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies |
| title_full | Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies |
| title_fullStr | Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies |
| title_short | Alterations in Measures of Body Composition, Neuromuscular Performance, Hormonal Levels, Physiological Adaptations, and Psychometric Outcomes during Preparation for Physique Competition: A Systematic Review of Case Studies |
| title_sort | alterations in measures of body composition neuromuscular performance hormonal levels physiological adaptations and psychometric outcomes during preparation for physique competition a systematic review of case studies |
| topic | bodybuilding bikini figure pre-contest effects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2411-5142/8/2/59 |
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