Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys
Dwarf galaxies are promising test beds for constraining models of supermassive and intermediate-mass black holes (MBHs) via their BH occupation fraction (BHOF). Disentangling seeding from the confounding effects of mass assembly over a Hubble time is a challenging problem that we tackle in this stud...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbea6 |
| _version_ | 1827827796200652800 |
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| author | Urmila Chadayammuri Ákos Bogdán Angelo Ricarte Priyamvada Natarajan |
| author_facet | Urmila Chadayammuri Ákos Bogdán Angelo Ricarte Priyamvada Natarajan |
| author_sort | Urmila Chadayammuri |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dwarf galaxies are promising test beds for constraining models of supermassive and intermediate-mass black holes (MBHs) via their BH occupation fraction (BHOF). Disentangling seeding from the confounding effects of mass assembly over a Hubble time is a challenging problem that we tackle in this study with a suite of semianalytical models (SAMs). We show how the measured BHOF depends on the lowest BH mass or active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity achieved by a survey. To tell seeding models apart, we need to detect or model all AGNs brighter than 10 ^37 erg s ^−1 in galaxies of M _* ∼ 10 ^8−10 M _⊙ . Shallower surveys, like eRASS, cannot distinguish between seed models even with the compensation of a much larger survey volume. We show that the AMUSE survey, with its inference of the MBH population underlying the observed AGNs, strongly favors heavy seed models, growing with either a power-law Eddington ratio distribution function or one in which BH accretion is tied to the star formation rate (i.e., the AGN-main sequence, AGN-MS, model). These two growth channels can then be distinguished by the AGN luminosity function at >10 ^40 erg s ^−1 , with the AGN-MS model requiring more accretion than observed at z ∼ 0. Thus, current X-ray observations favor heavy seeds whose Eddington ratios follow a power-law distribution. The different models also predict different radio scaling relations, which we quantify using the fundamental plane of BH activity. We close with recommendations for the design of upcoming multiwavelength campaigns that can optimally detect MBHs in dwarf galaxies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:36:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4baed6bc5ec54419b55285d8b3590c6b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T03:36:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-4baed6bc5ec54419b55285d8b3590c6b2023-09-03T13:08:56ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572023-01-0194615110.3847/1538-4357/acbea6Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future SurveysUrmila Chadayammuri0Ákos Bogdán1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0573-7733Angelo Ricarte2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5287-0452Priyamvada Natarajan3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5554-8896Center for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, Yale University , 52 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USADwarf galaxies are promising test beds for constraining models of supermassive and intermediate-mass black holes (MBHs) via their BH occupation fraction (BHOF). Disentangling seeding from the confounding effects of mass assembly over a Hubble time is a challenging problem that we tackle in this study with a suite of semianalytical models (SAMs). We show how the measured BHOF depends on the lowest BH mass or active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity achieved by a survey. To tell seeding models apart, we need to detect or model all AGNs brighter than 10 ^37 erg s ^−1 in galaxies of M _* ∼ 10 ^8−10 M _⊙ . Shallower surveys, like eRASS, cannot distinguish between seed models even with the compensation of a much larger survey volume. We show that the AMUSE survey, with its inference of the MBH population underlying the observed AGNs, strongly favors heavy seed models, growing with either a power-law Eddington ratio distribution function or one in which BH accretion is tied to the star formation rate (i.e., the AGN-main sequence, AGN-MS, model). These two growth channels can then be distinguished by the AGN luminosity function at >10 ^40 erg s ^−1 , with the AGN-MS model requiring more accretion than observed at z ∼ 0. Thus, current X-ray observations favor heavy seeds whose Eddington ratios follow a power-law distribution. The different models also predict different radio scaling relations, which we quantify using the fundamental plane of BH activity. We close with recommendations for the design of upcoming multiwavelength campaigns that can optimally detect MBHs in dwarf galaxies.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbea6Supermassive BHsX-ray surveysSky surveysActive galactic nuclei |
| spellingShingle | Urmila Chadayammuri Ákos Bogdán Angelo Ricarte Priyamvada Natarajan Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys The Astrophysical Journal Supermassive BHs X-ray surveys Sky surveys Active galactic nuclei |
| title | Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys |
| title_full | Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys |
| title_fullStr | Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys |
| title_full_unstemmed | Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys |
| title_short | Constraints From Dwarf Galaxies on Black Hole Seeding and Growth Models With Current and Future Surveys |
| title_sort | constraints from dwarf galaxies on black hole seeding and growth models with current and future surveys |
| topic | Supermassive BHs X-ray surveys Sky surveys Active galactic nuclei |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acbea6 |
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