Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean
Acoustic technology is an essential tool for detecting marine biological resources and has been widely used in sound-scattering layer (SSL) research. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) warm pool region of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean has a vast distribution of micronekton and zooplankton; a...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1477 |
| _version_ | 1797588690368724992 |
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| author | Tianji Gao Jianfeng Tong Minghua Xue Zhenhong Zhu Yue Qiu Richard Kindong Qiuyun Ma Jun Li |
| author_facet | Tianji Gao Jianfeng Tong Minghua Xue Zhenhong Zhu Yue Qiu Richard Kindong Qiuyun Ma Jun Li |
| author_sort | Tianji Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acoustic technology is an essential tool for detecting marine biological resources and has been widely used in sound-scattering layer (SSL) research. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) warm pool region of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean has a vast distribution of micronekton and zooplankton; analyzing the SSL characteristics in this region is vital for monitoring the marine environment and studying the marine ecosystem. In this study, we statistically analyzed the spatiotemporal factors of 10–200 m SSL in the NEC of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean using acoustic survey data collected by the “Songhang” research vessel (RV) in 2022, and the influence of environmental factors on the scattering layer distribution was analyzed using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The results showed that the SSL in the warm pool area of the NEC is distributed in shallow waters above 100 m. The primary scatterers are micronekton and zooplankton, and this SSL had diel vertical migration behavior. By comparing Akaike’s Information Criterion of different GAMs, the model consisting of six factors, namely, temperature, current velocity, turbidity, solar altitude angle, longitude, and latitude, was remarkable. Each model’s factor effects primarily influence the contribution of the volume-backscatter strength (Sv). The cumulative deviation explanation rate of the Sv was 67.2%, among which the highest explanation rate of solar altitude angle variance was 35.4%, the most critical environmental factor. The results of this study can provide a reference for long-term studies on ecological changes and their effects on micronekton and zooplankton distribution. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:55:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4bdb86cd1ae14b3088c87c65a8679950 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-1312 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:55:36Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |
| spelling | doaj.art-4bdb86cd1ae14b3088c87c65a86799502023-11-18T20:00:57ZengMDPI AGJournal of Marine Science and Engineering2077-13122023-07-01117147710.3390/jmse11071477Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific OceanTianji Gao0Jianfeng Tong1Minghua Xue2Zhenhong Zhu3Yue Qiu4Richard Kindong5Qiuyun Ma6Jun Li7College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCollege of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, ChinaKey Laboratory of Marine Ecological Monitoring and Restoration Technologies, MNR, Shanghai 201306, ChinaAcoustic technology is an essential tool for detecting marine biological resources and has been widely used in sound-scattering layer (SSL) research. The North Equatorial Current (NEC) warm pool region of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean has a vast distribution of micronekton and zooplankton; analyzing the SSL characteristics in this region is vital for monitoring the marine environment and studying the marine ecosystem. In this study, we statistically analyzed the spatiotemporal factors of 10–200 m SSL in the NEC of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean using acoustic survey data collected by the “Songhang” research vessel (RV) in 2022, and the influence of environmental factors on the scattering layer distribution was analyzed using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The results showed that the SSL in the warm pool area of the NEC is distributed in shallow waters above 100 m. The primary scatterers are micronekton and zooplankton, and this SSL had diel vertical migration behavior. By comparing Akaike’s Information Criterion of different GAMs, the model consisting of six factors, namely, temperature, current velocity, turbidity, solar altitude angle, longitude, and latitude, was remarkable. Each model’s factor effects primarily influence the contribution of the volume-backscatter strength (Sv). The cumulative deviation explanation rate of the Sv was 67.2%, among which the highest explanation rate of solar altitude angle variance was 35.4%, the most critical environmental factor. The results of this study can provide a reference for long-term studies on ecological changes and their effects on micronekton and zooplankton distribution.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1477sound-scattering layerCentral and Western Pacific OceanmicronektonzooplanktonGAM |
| spellingShingle | Tianji Gao Jianfeng Tong Minghua Xue Zhenhong Zhu Yue Qiu Richard Kindong Qiuyun Ma Jun Li Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean Journal of Marine Science and Engineering sound-scattering layer Central and Western Pacific Ocean micronekton zooplankton GAM |
| title | Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean |
| title_full | Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean |
| title_fullStr | Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean |
| title_short | Characterizing the Sound-Scattering Layer and Its Environmental Drivers in the North Equatorial Current of the Central and Western Pacific Ocean |
| title_sort | characterizing the sound scattering layer and its environmental drivers in the north equatorial current of the central and western pacific ocean |
| topic | sound-scattering layer Central and Western Pacific Ocean micronekton zooplankton GAM |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/11/7/1477 |
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