Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins?
Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
|
| Series: | Toxins |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/551 |
| _version_ | 1797521924871421952 |
|---|---|
| author | Jesús Iván Lara-Prado Fabiola Pazos-Pérez Carlos Enrique Méndez-Landa Dulce Paola Grajales-García José Alfredo Feria-Ramírez Juan José Salazar-González Mario Cruz-Romero Alejandro Treviño-Becerra |
| author_facet | Jesús Iván Lara-Prado Fabiola Pazos-Pérez Carlos Enrique Méndez-Landa Dulce Paola Grajales-García José Alfredo Feria-Ramírez Juan José Salazar-González Mario Cruz-Romero Alejandro Treviño-Becerra |
| author_sort | Jesús Iván Lara-Prado |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are main contributors to organ dysfunction in AKI, but they are not alone. The precise mechanisms behind multi-organ dysfunction are not yet fully accounted for. The building up of uremic toxins specific to AKI might be a plausible explanation for these disturbances. However, controversies have arisen around their effects in organs other than the kidney, because animal models usually depict AKI as a kidney-specific injury. Meanwhile, humans present AKI frequently in association with multi-organ failure (MOF). Until now, medium-molecular-weight molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines, have been proven to play a role in endothelial and epithelial injury, leading to increased permeability and capillary leakage, mainly in pulmonary and intestinal tissues. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4bedb304f83d40508c15da5942ad8945 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:26Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-4bedb304f83d40508c15da5942ad89452023-11-22T10:04:35ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-08-0113855110.3390/toxins13080551Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins?Jesús Iván Lara-Prado0Fabiola Pazos-Pérez1Carlos Enrique Méndez-Landa2Dulce Paola Grajales-García3José Alfredo Feria-Ramírez4Juan José Salazar-González5Mario Cruz-Romero6Alejandro Treviño-Becerra7Department of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 27, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06900, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center “21st Century”, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 48, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 02750, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 27, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06900, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, General Hospital No. 29, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 07910, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, Regional Hospital No. 1, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 03100, MexicoDepartment of Nephrology, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Center “21st Century”, Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City 06720, MexicoNational Academy of Medicine, Mexico City 06720, MexicoAcute kidney injury (AKI), defined as an abrupt increase in serum creatinine, a reduced urinary output, or both, is experiencing considerable evolution in terms of our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms and its impact on other organs. Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are main contributors to organ dysfunction in AKI, but they are not alone. The precise mechanisms behind multi-organ dysfunction are not yet fully accounted for. The building up of uremic toxins specific to AKI might be a plausible explanation for these disturbances. However, controversies have arisen around their effects in organs other than the kidney, because animal models usually depict AKI as a kidney-specific injury. Meanwhile, humans present AKI frequently in association with multi-organ failure (MOF). Until now, medium-molecular-weight molecules, such as inflammatory cytokines, have been proven to play a role in endothelial and epithelial injury, leading to increased permeability and capillary leakage, mainly in pulmonary and intestinal tissues.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/551uremic toxinsacute kidney injuryorgan failurecardiovascular diseaselung injury |
| spellingShingle | Jesús Iván Lara-Prado Fabiola Pazos-Pérez Carlos Enrique Méndez-Landa Dulce Paola Grajales-García José Alfredo Feria-Ramírez Juan José Salazar-González Mario Cruz-Romero Alejandro Treviño-Becerra Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? Toxins uremic toxins acute kidney injury organ failure cardiovascular disease lung injury |
| title | Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? |
| title_full | Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? |
| title_fullStr | Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? |
| title_short | Acute Kidney Injury and Organ Dysfunction: What Is the Role of Uremic Toxins? |
| title_sort | acute kidney injury and organ dysfunction what is the role of uremic toxins |
| topic | uremic toxins acute kidney injury organ failure cardiovascular disease lung injury |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/551 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT jesusivanlaraprado acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT fabiolapazosperez acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT carlosenriquemendezlanda acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT dulcepaolagrajalesgarcia acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT josealfredoferiaramirez acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT juanjosesalazargonzalez acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT mariocruzromero acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins AT alejandrotrevinobecerra acutekidneyinjuryandorgandysfunctionwhatistheroleofuremictoxins |