The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i>
Mealybugs found on grapes during quarantine in Korea are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB). However, MB is an ozone-depleting, highly toxic pesticide; therefore, the International Plant Protection Convention, a representative organization involved in quarantine, recommends using MB alternatives. We...
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9769 |
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| author | Byung-Ho Lee Ki-Jeong Hong Min-Goo Park |
| author_facet | Byung-Ho Lee Ki-Jeong Hong Min-Goo Park |
| author_sort | Byung-Ho Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Mealybugs found on grapes during quarantine in Korea are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB). However, MB is an ozone-depleting, highly toxic pesticide; therefore, the International Plant Protection Convention, a representative organization involved in quarantine, recommends using MB alternatives. We evaluated the feasibility of using liquid ethyl formate (EF), a new EF formulation, to control mealybugs (<i>Pseudococcus comstocki)</i> on grapes (Campbell Early). Large-scale tests and the comparative evaluation of EF and MB desorption from grapes were conducted during the simulated 72-h post-fumigation period. Dose–response tests showed that the EF concentration and time product causing 99% mortality (LCt<sub>99</sub>) at 5 °C was 47.36 and 145.85 g h/m<sup>3</sup> for adults and eggs, respectively. EF treatment at 70 g/m<sup>3</sup> for 4 h at 5 °C with a loading ratio of 10% achieved an LCt<sub>99</sub> of 145.85 g h/m<sup>3</sup> on <i>P. comstocki,</i> confirming EF efficacy on mealybugs without phytotoxic effects on grapes. EF fumigation may also be safer because EF concentrations were maintained at less than 100 ppm, the specified exposure limit of EF; meanwhile, those of MB were higher than the exposure limit (1 ppm). Therefore, liquid EF can be used as a safer alternative to MB in phytosanitary treatments of grapes to control <i>P. comstocki</i>. |
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| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:03:24Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4bf13c6cc0514285977c4d72197567162023-11-23T19:45:21ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172022-09-011219976910.3390/app12199769The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i>Byung-Ho Lee0Ki-Jeong Hong1Min-Goo Park2Institute of Quality & Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Product, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, KoreaDepartment of Plant Medicine, Sunchon University, 255 Jungang-ro, Suncheon 57922, KoreaDepartment of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, KoreaMealybugs found on grapes during quarantine in Korea are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB). However, MB is an ozone-depleting, highly toxic pesticide; therefore, the International Plant Protection Convention, a representative organization involved in quarantine, recommends using MB alternatives. We evaluated the feasibility of using liquid ethyl formate (EF), a new EF formulation, to control mealybugs (<i>Pseudococcus comstocki)</i> on grapes (Campbell Early). Large-scale tests and the comparative evaluation of EF and MB desorption from grapes were conducted during the simulated 72-h post-fumigation period. Dose–response tests showed that the EF concentration and time product causing 99% mortality (LCt<sub>99</sub>) at 5 °C was 47.36 and 145.85 g h/m<sup>3</sup> for adults and eggs, respectively. EF treatment at 70 g/m<sup>3</sup> for 4 h at 5 °C with a loading ratio of 10% achieved an LCt<sub>99</sub> of 145.85 g h/m<sup>3</sup> on <i>P. comstocki,</i> confirming EF efficacy on mealybugs without phytotoxic effects on grapes. EF fumigation may also be safer because EF concentrations were maintained at less than 100 ppm, the specified exposure limit of EF; meanwhile, those of MB were higher than the exposure limit (1 ppm). Therefore, liquid EF can be used as a safer alternative to MB in phytosanitary treatments of grapes to control <i>P. comstocki</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9769ethyl formatepost-fumigation safetypest controlsorption ratemealybug |
| spellingShingle | Byung-Ho Lee Ki-Jeong Hong Min-Goo Park The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> Applied Sciences ethyl formate post-fumigation safety pest control sorption rate mealybug |
| title | The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> |
| title_full | The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> |
| title_fullStr | The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> |
| title_short | The Efficacy, Phytotoxicity, and Safety of Liquid Ethyl Formate Used to Control the Grape (Campbell Early) Quarantine Pest <i>Pseudococcus comstocki</i> |
| title_sort | efficacy phytotoxicity and safety of liquid ethyl formate used to control the grape campbell early quarantine pest i pseudococcus comstocki i |
| topic | ethyl formate post-fumigation safety pest control sorption rate mealybug |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/19/9769 |
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