Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery
Introduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to avoid arthritis in adulthood, the most common su...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/328 |
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| author | Yanni Cai Giulia Pascoletti Peter Zioupos Basil Budair Elisabetta M. Zanetti Trevor J. Ringrose Sarah Junaid |
| author_facet | Yanni Cai Giulia Pascoletti Peter Zioupos Basil Budair Elisabetta M. Zanetti Trevor J. Ringrose Sarah Junaid |
| author_sort | Yanni Cai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to avoid arthritis in adulthood, the most common surgical approach being two osteotomies to the calcaneus and medial cuneiform bones of the foot. Objectives: This study focuses on the parametrization of these two bones to understand their bone morphology differences in a population sample among 23 normal subjects. Population differences could help in understanding whether bone shape may be an important factor in aiding surgical planning and outcomes. Methods: A total of 45 sets of CT scans of these subjects were used to generate surface meshes of the two bones and converted to be iso-topological meshes, simplifying the application of Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, allowing the main sources of variation between the subjects to be quantified. Results: For the calcaneus, 16 Principal Components (PCs) and, for the medial cuneiform, 12 PCs were sufficient to describe 90% of the dataset variability. The quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm that for the calcaneus PC1 describes the Achilles attachment location and PC2 largely describes the anterior part of the bone. For the medial cuneiform, PC1 describes the medial part of the bone, while PC2 mainly describes the superior part. Conclusion: Most importantly, the PCs did not seem to describe the osteotomy sites for both bones, suggesting low population variability at the bone cutting points. Further studies are needed to evaluate how shape variability impacts surgical outcomes. Future implications could include better surgical planning and may pave the way for complex robotic surgeries to become a reality. |
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| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:04:38Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-4bfc287829a449fe83d32efa067a2dde2024-03-27T13:51:09ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292024-02-0114332810.3390/life14030328Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot SurgeryYanni Cai0Giulia Pascoletti1Peter Zioupos2Basil Budair3Elisabetta M. Zanetti4Trevor J. Ringrose5Sarah Junaid6Cranfield Forensic Institute, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield University, Swindon SN6 8LA, UKDepartment of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, ItalyBiomedical Engineeering, School of Engineering, University of Hull, Kingston-upon-Hull HU6 7RX, UKRoyal Orthopaedic Hospital (ROH), Birmingham B31 2AP, UKDepartment of Engineering, University of Perugia, 06125 Perugia, ItalyCranfield Forensic Institute, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Cranfield University, Swindon SN6 8LA, UKSchool of Mechanical, Biomedical and Design Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UKIntroduction: Flatfoot is a condition commonly seen in children; however, there is general disagreement over its incidence, characterization and correction. Painful flatfoot accompanied with musculoskeletal and soft tissue problems requires surgery to avoid arthritis in adulthood, the most common surgical approach being two osteotomies to the calcaneus and medial cuneiform bones of the foot. Objectives: This study focuses on the parametrization of these two bones to understand their bone morphology differences in a population sample among 23 normal subjects. Population differences could help in understanding whether bone shape may be an important factor in aiding surgical planning and outcomes. Methods: A total of 45 sets of CT scans of these subjects were used to generate surface meshes of the two bones and converted to be iso-topological meshes, simplifying the application of Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Principal Component Analysis, allowing the main sources of variation between the subjects to be quantified. Results: For the calcaneus, 16 Principal Components (PCs) and, for the medial cuneiform, 12 PCs were sufficient to describe 90% of the dataset variability. The quantitative and qualitative analyses confirm that for the calcaneus PC1 describes the Achilles attachment location and PC2 largely describes the anterior part of the bone. For the medial cuneiform, PC1 describes the medial part of the bone, while PC2 mainly describes the superior part. Conclusion: Most importantly, the PCs did not seem to describe the osteotomy sites for both bones, suggesting low population variability at the bone cutting points. Further studies are needed to evaluate how shape variability impacts surgical outcomes. Future implications could include better surgical planning and may pave the way for complex robotic surgeries to become a reality.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/328pes planusflatfootprincipal component analysisparametrizationcalcaneusmedial cuneiform |
| spellingShingle | Yanni Cai Giulia Pascoletti Peter Zioupos Basil Budair Elisabetta M. Zanetti Trevor J. Ringrose Sarah Junaid Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery Life pes planus flatfoot principal component analysis parametrization calcaneus medial cuneiform |
| title | Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery |
| title_full | Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery |
| title_fullStr | Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery |
| title_short | Parametrization of the Calcaneus and Medial Cuneiform to Aid Potential Advancements in Flatfoot Surgery |
| title_sort | parametrization of the calcaneus and medial cuneiform to aid potential advancements in flatfoot surgery |
| topic | pes planus flatfoot principal component analysis parametrization calcaneus medial cuneiform |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/3/328 |
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