Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020
<p>The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the flagship projects of the One Belt One Road Initiative, which faces threats from water shortage and mountain disasters in the high-elevation region, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). An up-to-date high-quality glacial lake...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Earth System Science Data |
| Online Access: | https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5489/2022/essd-14-5489-2022.pdf |
| _version_ | 1811295699574194176 |
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| author | M. Lesi M. Lesi Y. Nie D. H. Shugar J. Wang Q. Deng Q. Deng H. Chen J. Fan |
| author_facet | M. Lesi M. Lesi Y. Nie D. H. Shugar J. Wang Q. Deng Q. Deng H. Chen J. Fan |
| author_sort | M. Lesi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <p>The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the flagship
projects of the One Belt One Road Initiative, which faces threats from water
shortage and mountain disasters in the high-elevation region, such as
glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). An up-to-date high-quality glacial
lake dataset with parameters such as lake area, volume, and type, which is
fundamental to water resource and flood risk assessments and prediction of
glacier–lake evolutions, is still largely absent for the entire CPEC. This
study describes a glacial lake dataset for the CPEC using a threshold-based
mapping method associated with rigorous visual inspection workflows. This
dataset includes (1) multi-temporal inventories for 1990, 2000, and 2020
produced from 30 m resolution Landsat images and (2) a glacial lake
inventory for the year 2020 at 10 m resolution produced from Sentinel-2
images. The results show that, in 2020, 2234 lakes were derived from the
Landsat images, covering a total area of <span class="inline-formula">86.31±14.98</span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> with a
minimum mapping unit (MMU) of 5 pixels (4500 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span>), whereas 7560 glacial lakes
were derived from the Sentinel-2 images with a total area of <span class="inline-formula">103.70±8.45</span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> with an MMU of 5 pixels (500 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span>). The
discrepancy shows that Sentinel-2 can detect a large quantity of
smaller lakes compared to Landsat due to its finer spatial resolution.</p>
<p>Glacial lake data in 2020 were validated by Google Earth-derived lake
boundaries with a median (<span class="inline-formula">±</span> standard deviation) difference of
<span class="inline-formula">7.66±4.96</span> % for the Landsat-derived product and <span class="inline-formula">4.46±4.62</span> %
for the Sentinel-derived product. The total number and area of glacial lakes
from consistent 30 m resolution Landsat images remain relatively stable
despite a slight increase from 1990 to 2020. A range of critical attributes
has been generated in the dataset, including lake types and mapping
uncertainty estimated by an improved equation of Hanshaw and Bookhagen (2014). This comprehensive
glacial lake dataset has the potential to be widely applied in studies on
water resource assessment, glacial lake-related hazards, and glacier–lake
interactions and is freely available at
<a href="https://doi.org/10.12380/Glaci.msdc.000001">https://doi.org/10.12380/Glaci.msdc.000001</a> (Lesi et al., 2022).</p> |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:37:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4c1826dc5e4d4bd7b2a65d63c4163bda |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1866-3508 1866-3516 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T05:37:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Copernicus Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Earth System Science Data |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c1826dc5e4d4bd7b2a65d63c4163bda2022-12-22T03:00:13ZengCopernicus PublicationsEarth System Science Data1866-35081866-35162022-12-01145489551210.5194/essd-14-5489-2022Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020M. Lesi0M. Lesi1Y. Nie2D. H. Shugar3J. Wang4Q. Deng5Q. Deng6H. Chen7J. Fan8Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinaInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaWater, Sediment, Hazards, and Earth-surface Dynamics (waterSHED) Lab, Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, CanadaDepartment of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USAInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinaInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, ChinaInstitute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610299, China<p>The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is one of the flagship projects of the One Belt One Road Initiative, which faces threats from water shortage and mountain disasters in the high-elevation region, such as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). An up-to-date high-quality glacial lake dataset with parameters such as lake area, volume, and type, which is fundamental to water resource and flood risk assessments and prediction of glacier–lake evolutions, is still largely absent for the entire CPEC. This study describes a glacial lake dataset for the CPEC using a threshold-based mapping method associated with rigorous visual inspection workflows. This dataset includes (1) multi-temporal inventories for 1990, 2000, and 2020 produced from 30 m resolution Landsat images and (2) a glacial lake inventory for the year 2020 at 10 m resolution produced from Sentinel-2 images. The results show that, in 2020, 2234 lakes were derived from the Landsat images, covering a total area of <span class="inline-formula">86.31±14.98</span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> with a minimum mapping unit (MMU) of 5 pixels (4500 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span>), whereas 7560 glacial lakes were derived from the Sentinel-2 images with a total area of <span class="inline-formula">103.70±8.45</span> km<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span> with an MMU of 5 pixels (500 m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>2</sup></span>). The discrepancy shows that Sentinel-2 can detect a large quantity of smaller lakes compared to Landsat due to its finer spatial resolution.</p> <p>Glacial lake data in 2020 were validated by Google Earth-derived lake boundaries with a median (<span class="inline-formula">±</span> standard deviation) difference of <span class="inline-formula">7.66±4.96</span> % for the Landsat-derived product and <span class="inline-formula">4.46±4.62</span> % for the Sentinel-derived product. The total number and area of glacial lakes from consistent 30 m resolution Landsat images remain relatively stable despite a slight increase from 1990 to 2020. A range of critical attributes has been generated in the dataset, including lake types and mapping uncertainty estimated by an improved equation of Hanshaw and Bookhagen (2014). This comprehensive glacial lake dataset has the potential to be widely applied in studies on water resource assessment, glacial lake-related hazards, and glacier–lake interactions and is freely available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.12380/Glaci.msdc.000001">https://doi.org/10.12380/Glaci.msdc.000001</a> (Lesi et al., 2022).</p>https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5489/2022/essd-14-5489-2022.pdf |
| spellingShingle | M. Lesi M. Lesi Y. Nie D. H. Shugar J. Wang Q. Deng Q. Deng H. Chen J. Fan Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 Earth System Science Data |
| title | Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| title_full | Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| title_fullStr | Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| title_short | Landsat- and Sentinel-derived glacial lake dataset in the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| title_sort | landsat and sentinel derived glacial lake dataset in the china pakistan economic corridor from 1990 to 2020 |
| url | https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/5489/2022/essd-14-5489-2022.pdf |
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