Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications
Catalpol isolated from <i>Rehmannia glutinosa</i> is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and S...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/2/323 |
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| author | Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra Hui Min Koh Shin Yean Lim Hira Choudhury Manisha Pandey |
| author_facet | Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra Hui Min Koh Shin Yean Lim Hira Choudhury Manisha Pandey |
| author_sort | Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Catalpol isolated from <i>Rehmannia glutinosa</i> is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:41:30Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T00:41:30Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c3318a3fff743cda0c62aa9e690fb9e2023-12-11T17:47:01ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2021-02-0111232310.3390/biom11020323Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its ComplicationsSubrat Kumar Bhattamisra0Hui Min Koh1Shin Yean Lim2Hira Choudhury3Manisha Pandey4Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaSchool of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, MalaysiaCatalpol isolated from <i>Rehmannia glutinosa</i> is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/2/323catalpoltype-1 diabetes mellitustype-2 diabetes mellitusdiabetes complications |
| spellingShingle | Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra Hui Min Koh Shin Yean Lim Hira Choudhury Manisha Pandey Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications Biomolecules catalpol type-1 diabetes mellitus type-2 diabetes mellitus diabetes complications |
| title | Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications |
| title_full | Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications |
| title_fullStr | Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications |
| title_short | Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications |
| title_sort | molecular and biochemical pathways of catalpol in alleviating diabetes mellitus and its complications |
| topic | catalpol type-1 diabetes mellitus type-2 diabetes mellitus diabetes complications |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/11/2/323 |
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