The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion
The genetic code defines how information in the genome is translated into protein. Aside from a handful of isolated exceptions, this code is universal. Researchers have developed techniques to artificially expand the genetic code, repurposing codons and translational machinery to incorporate nonstan...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-07-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/3/58 |
| _version_ | 1817989051141062656 |
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| author | Pol Arranz-Gibert Jaymin R. Patel Farren J. Isaacs |
| author_facet | Pol Arranz-Gibert Jaymin R. Patel Farren J. Isaacs |
| author_sort | Pol Arranz-Gibert |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The genetic code defines how information in the genome is translated into protein. Aside from a handful of isolated exceptions, this code is universal. Researchers have developed techniques to artificially expand the genetic code, repurposing codons and translational machinery to incorporate nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) into proteins. A key challenge for robust genetic code expansion is orthogonality; the engineered machinery used to introduce nsAAs into proteins must co-exist with native translation and gene expression without cross-reactivity or pleiotropy. The issue of orthogonality manifests at several levels, including those of codons, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNAs, and elongation factors. In this concept paper, we describe advances in genome recoding, translational engineering and associated challenges rooted in establishing orthogonality needed to expand the genetic code. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:42:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4c349b84aca0436d9ea8c6562e169db6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T00:42:15Z |
| publishDate | 2019-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c349b84aca0436d9ea8c6562e169db62022-12-22T02:22:09ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292019-07-01935810.3390/life9030058life9030058The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code ExpansionPol Arranz-Gibert0Jaymin R. Patel1Farren J. Isaacs2Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USADepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USADepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USAThe genetic code defines how information in the genome is translated into protein. Aside from a handful of isolated exceptions, this code is universal. Researchers have developed techniques to artificially expand the genetic code, repurposing codons and translational machinery to incorporate nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs) into proteins. A key challenge for robust genetic code expansion is orthogonality; the engineered machinery used to introduce nsAAs into proteins must co-exist with native translation and gene expression without cross-reactivity or pleiotropy. The issue of orthogonality manifests at several levels, including those of codons, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNAs, and elongation factors. In this concept paper, we describe advances in genome recoding, translational engineering and associated challenges rooted in establishing orthogonality needed to expand the genetic code.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/3/58genetic code expansiontranslationnonstandard amino acidsgenome recodingribosome engineeringorthogonalityprotein engineering |
| spellingShingle | Pol Arranz-Gibert Jaymin R. Patel Farren J. Isaacs The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion Life genetic code expansion translation nonstandard amino acids genome recoding ribosome engineering orthogonality protein engineering |
| title | The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion |
| title_full | The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion |
| title_short | The Role of Orthogonality in Genetic Code Expansion |
| title_sort | role of orthogonality in genetic code expansion |
| topic | genetic code expansion translation nonstandard amino acids genome recoding ribosome engineering orthogonality protein engineering |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/9/3/58 |
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