Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy
The human gut is inhabited by a multitude of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses. A dynamic balance among these microorganisms is associated with the well-being of the human being, and a large body of evidence supports a role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given the importance of th...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/5/868 |
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| author | Carlo Airola Andrea Severino Serena Porcari William Fusco Benjamin H. Mullish Antonio Gasbarrini Giovanni Cammarota Francesca Romana Ponziani Gianluca Ianiro |
| author_facet | Carlo Airola Andrea Severino Serena Porcari William Fusco Benjamin H. Mullish Antonio Gasbarrini Giovanni Cammarota Francesca Romana Ponziani Gianluca Ianiro |
| author_sort | Carlo Airola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The human gut is inhabited by a multitude of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses. A dynamic balance among these microorganisms is associated with the well-being of the human being, and a large body of evidence supports a role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given the importance of the gut microbiota in the preservation of human health, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics have been classically used as strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and achieve beneficial effects for the host. Nonetheless, several molecules not typically included in these categories have demonstrated a role in restoring the equilibrium among the components of the gut microbiota. Among these, rifaximin, as well as other antimicrobial drugs, such as triclosan, or natural compounds (including evodiamine and polyphenols) have common pleiotropic characteristics. On one hand, they suppress the growth of dangerous bacteria while promoting beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota. On the other hand, they contribute to the regulation of the immune response in the case of dysbiosis by directly influencing the immune system and epithelial cells or by inducing the gut bacteria to produce immune-modulatory compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has also been investigated as a procedure to restore the equilibrium of the gut microbiota and has shown benefits in many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disorders, and extraintestinal autoimmune conditions. One of the most significant limits of the current techniques used to modulate the gut microbiota is the lack of tools that can precisely modulate specific members of complex microbial communities. Novel approaches, including the use of engineered probiotic bacteria or bacteriophage-based therapy, have recently appeared as promising strategies to provide targeted and tailored therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota, but their role in clinical practice has yet to be clarified. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recently introduced innovations in the field of therapeutic microbiome modulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:00:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4c5eac0f52544186aef464b9173208e9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:00:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c5eac0f52544186aef464b9173208e92023-11-18T00:12:28ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-05-0112586810.3390/antibiotics12050868Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage TherapyCarlo Airola0Andrea Severino1Serena Porcari2William Fusco3Benjamin H. Mullish4Antonio Gasbarrini5Giovanni Cammarota6Francesca Romana Ponziani7Gianluca Ianiro8Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDivision of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UKDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyDigestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, ItalyThe human gut is inhabited by a multitude of bacteria, yeasts, and viruses. A dynamic balance among these microorganisms is associated with the well-being of the human being, and a large body of evidence supports a role of dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Given the importance of the gut microbiota in the preservation of human health, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics have been classically used as strategies to modulate the gut microbiota and achieve beneficial effects for the host. Nonetheless, several molecules not typically included in these categories have demonstrated a role in restoring the equilibrium among the components of the gut microbiota. Among these, rifaximin, as well as other antimicrobial drugs, such as triclosan, or natural compounds (including evodiamine and polyphenols) have common pleiotropic characteristics. On one hand, they suppress the growth of dangerous bacteria while promoting beneficial bacteria in the gut microbiota. On the other hand, they contribute to the regulation of the immune response in the case of dysbiosis by directly influencing the immune system and epithelial cells or by inducing the gut bacteria to produce immune-modulatory compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has also been investigated as a procedure to restore the equilibrium of the gut microbiota and has shown benefits in many diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, chronic liver disorders, and extraintestinal autoimmune conditions. One of the most significant limits of the current techniques used to modulate the gut microbiota is the lack of tools that can precisely modulate specific members of complex microbial communities. Novel approaches, including the use of engineered probiotic bacteria or bacteriophage-based therapy, have recently appeared as promising strategies to provide targeted and tailored therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota, but their role in clinical practice has yet to be clarified. The aim of this review is to discuss the most recently introduced innovations in the field of therapeutic microbiome modulation.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/5/868eubioticsfecal microbiota transplantphage therapymicrobiotarifaximindysbiosis |
| spellingShingle | Carlo Airola Andrea Severino Serena Porcari William Fusco Benjamin H. Mullish Antonio Gasbarrini Giovanni Cammarota Francesca Romana Ponziani Gianluca Ianiro Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy Antibiotics eubiotics fecal microbiota transplant phage therapy microbiota rifaximin dysbiosis |
| title | Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy |
| title_full | Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy |
| title_fullStr | Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy |
| title_short | Future Modulation of Gut Microbiota: From Eubiotics to FMT, Engineered Bacteria, and Phage Therapy |
| title_sort | future modulation of gut microbiota from eubiotics to fmt engineered bacteria and phage therapy |
| topic | eubiotics fecal microbiota transplant phage therapy microbiota rifaximin dysbiosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/5/868 |
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