Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada
Varves accumulating below the chemocline of meromictic Crawford Lake, Milton, Ontario, Canada, consist of dark-colored organic matter laminations that are primarily deposited during the fall plankton die-off, alternating with light-colored laminations comprising calcite crystals that are precipitate...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Geosciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/3/87 |
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| author | Krysten M. Lafond Carling R. Walsh R. Timothy Patterson Francine M. G. McCarthy Brendan M. Llew-Williams Paul B. Hamilton Nawaf A. Nasser Brian Cumming |
| author_facet | Krysten M. Lafond Carling R. Walsh R. Timothy Patterson Francine M. G. McCarthy Brendan M. Llew-Williams Paul B. Hamilton Nawaf A. Nasser Brian Cumming |
| author_sort | Krysten M. Lafond |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Varves accumulating below the chemocline of meromictic Crawford Lake, Milton, Ontario, Canada, consist of dark-colored organic matter laminations that are primarily deposited during the fall plankton die-off, alternating with light-colored laminations comprising calcite crystals that are precipitated during a relatively narrow water temperature and pH-controlled depositional window in the summer. A novel high-resolution imaging protocol was used to photograph the varve record in the 87 cm-long freeze core CRA19-2FT-B2, collected from the deepest part (~23 m) of the lake in February 2019. High-resolution images were used to: (1) characterize varve couplets deposited between AD 1870 and 2000 (chronology verified through <sup>137</sup>Cs/<sup>210</sup>Pb analysis of freeze core CRA22-1FRA-3, and consistent with the historic record of nuclear fallout and other proxies of the Great Acceleration); (2) document distinctive varves that permit a correlation between cores throughout the deep basin of Crawford Lake; (3) measure the thickness of individual dark and light- colored laminations, which were found to vary between 0.04 mm and 3.76 mm; and (4) carry out wavelet and spectral time series analyses based on varve thickness data that can be correlated to climatic trends and cycles. Time series analyses identified cycles with statistically significant periodicities that were attributed to the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (2.3 years), El Niño Southern Oscillation (2–7 years), the 11-year Schwabe Sunspot cycle and a possible Pacific Decadal Oscillation (50–70 years). This research not only provides baseline chronostratigraphic data that allow the correlation between freeze cores subsampled for various proxies, but also documents the dynamics of the climate drivers that influence the deposition of both organic matter and inorganically precipitated calcite. Crawford Lake is currently a candidate site under consideration for the Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) to define the Anthropocene series/epoch. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:28:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4c69d4d3daf648458f054d0fdf69c7ef |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3263 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:28:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Geosciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c69d4d3daf648458f054d0fdf69c7ef2023-11-17T11:20:02ZengMDPI AGGeosciences2076-32632023-03-011338710.3390/geosciences13030087Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, CanadaKrysten M. Lafond0Carling R. Walsh1R. Timothy Patterson2Francine M. G. McCarthy3Brendan M. Llew-Williams4Paul B. Hamilton5Nawaf A. Nasser6Brian Cumming7Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaOttawa-Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaOttawa-Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, CanadaDepartment of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, CanadaResearch and Collection, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON K1P 6P4, CanadaOttawa-Carleton Geoscience Center and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, CanadaDepartment of Biology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, CanadaVarves accumulating below the chemocline of meromictic Crawford Lake, Milton, Ontario, Canada, consist of dark-colored organic matter laminations that are primarily deposited during the fall plankton die-off, alternating with light-colored laminations comprising calcite crystals that are precipitated during a relatively narrow water temperature and pH-controlled depositional window in the summer. A novel high-resolution imaging protocol was used to photograph the varve record in the 87 cm-long freeze core CRA19-2FT-B2, collected from the deepest part (~23 m) of the lake in February 2019. High-resolution images were used to: (1) characterize varve couplets deposited between AD 1870 and 2000 (chronology verified through <sup>137</sup>Cs/<sup>210</sup>Pb analysis of freeze core CRA22-1FRA-3, and consistent with the historic record of nuclear fallout and other proxies of the Great Acceleration); (2) document distinctive varves that permit a correlation between cores throughout the deep basin of Crawford Lake; (3) measure the thickness of individual dark and light- colored laminations, which were found to vary between 0.04 mm and 3.76 mm; and (4) carry out wavelet and spectral time series analyses based on varve thickness data that can be correlated to climatic trends and cycles. Time series analyses identified cycles with statistically significant periodicities that were attributed to the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (2.3 years), El Niño Southern Oscillation (2–7 years), the 11-year Schwabe Sunspot cycle and a possible Pacific Decadal Oscillation (50–70 years). This research not only provides baseline chronostratigraphic data that allow the correlation between freeze cores subsampled for various proxies, but also documents the dynamics of the climate drivers that influence the deposition of both organic matter and inorganically precipitated calcite. Crawford Lake is currently a candidate site under consideration for the Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) to define the Anthropocene series/epoch.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/3/87Anthropocenepaleolimnologyfreeze coringtime series analysishigh-resolution photographycalcite |
| spellingShingle | Krysten M. Lafond Carling R. Walsh R. Timothy Patterson Francine M. G. McCarthy Brendan M. Llew-Williams Paul B. Hamilton Nawaf A. Nasser Brian Cumming Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada Geosciences Anthropocene paleolimnology freeze coring time series analysis high-resolution photography calcite |
| title | Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada |
| title_full | Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada |
| title_short | Influence of Climatic Trends and Cycles on Varve Deposition in Crawford Lake, Ontario, Canada |
| title_sort | influence of climatic trends and cycles on varve deposition in crawford lake ontario canada |
| topic | Anthropocene paleolimnology freeze coring time series analysis high-resolution photography calcite |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/3/87 |
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