Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design
Granular fertilizers (especially those based on ammonium nitrate (AN)) tend to agglomerate during storage. The aims of this research were to develop effective anti-caking coatings for ammonium nitrate fertilizers while improving the quality of fertilizers and to optimize the composition of effective...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-10-01
|
| Series: | Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5761 |
| _version_ | 1797516051268763648 |
|---|---|
| author | Aleksandra Tyc Dominik Nieweś Ewa Pankalla Marta Huculak-Mączka Krystyna Hoffmann Józef Hoffmann |
| author_facet | Aleksandra Tyc Dominik Nieweś Ewa Pankalla Marta Huculak-Mączka Krystyna Hoffmann Józef Hoffmann |
| author_sort | Aleksandra Tyc |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Granular fertilizers (especially those based on ammonium nitrate (AN)) tend to agglomerate during storage. The aims of this research were to develop effective anti-caking coatings for ammonium nitrate fertilizers while improving the quality of fertilizers and to optimize the composition of effective anti-caking coatings. The influence of the composition of the prepared organic coatings on the effectiveness of preventing the caking of fertilizers was studied by response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Additionally, the effect of the developed anti-caking agents on the quality of fertilizers was determined by measuring the crushing strength of the granules. The prepared coatings included fatty amine, stearic acid, surfactant, and paraffin wax. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze these coatings. The morphology of the fertilizers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composition studies, based on statistical assessment, showed the coating components had a varying influence on preventing the caking of fertilizers after granulation and after 30 days of storage. The results demonstrated that increasing the content of fatty amines and reducing surfactant in the composition of coating had positive effects on caking prevention. In this study, more effective and economically viable anti-caking coatings were developed. In addition, the present work could serve as a basis to further improve anti-caking coatings. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:55:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4c8d7c031f764c3eb25d1aec85e21525 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:55:54Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-4c8d7c031f764c3eb25d1aec85e215252023-11-22T16:26:45ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442021-10-011419576110.3390/ma14195761Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken DesignAleksandra Tyc0Dominik Nieweś1Ewa Pankalla2Marta Huculak-Mączka3Krystyna Hoffmann4Józef Hoffmann5Department of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Research and Innovations, Grupa Azoty Zakłady Azotowe Kędzierzyn, S.A., Mostowa 30A, 47-220 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, PolandDepartment of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Micro, Nano and Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, PolandDepartment of Engineering and Technology of Chemical Processes, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, PolandGranular fertilizers (especially those based on ammonium nitrate (AN)) tend to agglomerate during storage. The aims of this research were to develop effective anti-caking coatings for ammonium nitrate fertilizers while improving the quality of fertilizers and to optimize the composition of effective anti-caking coatings. The influence of the composition of the prepared organic coatings on the effectiveness of preventing the caking of fertilizers was studied by response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Additionally, the effect of the developed anti-caking agents on the quality of fertilizers was determined by measuring the crushing strength of the granules. The prepared coatings included fatty amine, stearic acid, surfactant, and paraffin wax. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze these coatings. The morphology of the fertilizers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composition studies, based on statistical assessment, showed the coating components had a varying influence on preventing the caking of fertilizers after granulation and after 30 days of storage. The results demonstrated that increasing the content of fatty amines and reducing surfactant in the composition of coating had positive effects on caking prevention. In this study, more effective and economically viable anti-caking coatings were developed. In addition, the present work could serve as a basis to further improve anti-caking coatings.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5761fertilizersammonium nitrate fertilizersanti-caking coatingsBox–Behnken designresponse surface methodology |
| spellingShingle | Aleksandra Tyc Dominik Nieweś Ewa Pankalla Marta Huculak-Mączka Krystyna Hoffmann Józef Hoffmann Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design Materials fertilizers ammonium nitrate fertilizers anti-caking coatings Box–Behnken design response surface methodology |
| title | Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design |
| title_full | Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design |
| title_fullStr | Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design |
| title_short | Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design |
| title_sort | anti caking coatings for improving the useful properties of ammonium nitrate fertilizers with composition modeling using box behnken design |
| topic | fertilizers ammonium nitrate fertilizers anti-caking coatings Box–Behnken design response surface methodology |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/19/5761 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aleksandratyc anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign AT dominikniewes anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign AT ewapankalla anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign AT martahuculakmaczka anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign AT krystynahoffmann anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign AT jozefhoffmann anticakingcoatingsforimprovingtheusefulpropertiesofammoniumnitratefertilizerswithcompositionmodelingusingboxbehnkendesign |