Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy.
There are few established easy-to-perform exercise protocols with evidence-based effects for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A unique exercise regimen, interval walking training (IWT), has been reported to be beneficial for improving metabolic function, physical fitness and muscle strength i...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2023-01-01
|
| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285762 |
| _version_ | 1797802032604643328 |
|---|---|
| author | Kouhei Kitajima Ako Oiwa Takahiro Miyakoshi Manami Hosokawa Mayuka Furihata Masaaki Takahashi Shizue Masuki Hiroshi Nose Yosuke Okubo Ai Sato Masanori Yamazaki Mitsuhisa Komatsu |
| author_facet | Kouhei Kitajima Ako Oiwa Takahiro Miyakoshi Manami Hosokawa Mayuka Furihata Masaaki Takahashi Shizue Masuki Hiroshi Nose Yosuke Okubo Ai Sato Masanori Yamazaki Mitsuhisa Komatsu |
| author_sort | Kouhei Kitajima |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | There are few established easy-to-perform exercise protocols with evidence-based effects for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A unique exercise regimen, interval walking training (IWT), has been reported to be beneficial for improving metabolic function, physical fitness and muscle strength in adults of overall health. This pilot study aims to demonstrate descriptive statistics of IWT adherence and changes in various data before and after the intervention of IWT in adults with T2D, perform statistical hypothesis testing, and calculate effect sizes. We performed a single-arm interventional pilot study with IWT for 20 weeks. We enrolled 51 participants with T2D aged 20-80 years with glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 6.5-10.0% (48-86 mmol/mol) and a body mass index of 20-34 kg/m2, respectively. The target was 60 min/week of fast walking for 20 weeks. The participants visited the hospital and were examined at 4-week intervals during this period. Between the start of IWT and after 20 weeks, we measured and evaluated changes in glucose and lipid metabolism data, body composition, physical fitness, muscle strength, dietary calorie intake, and daily exercise calories. All included participants completed IWT, with 39% of them reaching the target length of fast walking over 1,200 minutes in 20 weeks. In the primary outcome, HbA1c levels, and in the secondary, lipid metabolism and body composition, no significant changes were observed except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (from 1.4 mmol/L to 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.0093, t-test). However, in the target achievement group, a significant increase in VO2 peak by 10% (from 1,682 mL/min to 1,827 mL/min, p = 0.037, t-test) was observed. Effect sizes were Cohen's d = 0.25 of HDL-C, -0.55 of triglyceride, and 0.24 of VO2 peak in the target achievement group, which were considered to be of small to medium clinical significance. These results could be solely attributed to IWT since there were no significant differences in dietary intake and daily life energy consumption before and after the study. IWT could be highly versatile and was suggested to have a positive effect on lipid metabolism and physical fitness. In future randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, the detailed effects of IWT, focusing on these parameters, will be examined. Trial registration: This trial was registered with the Japanese University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR: Usefulness on interval walking training in patients with type 2 diabetes. 000037303). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:59:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ca1bb84ae6648a09d02f534052d9528 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-13T04:59:35Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ca1bb84ae6648a09d02f534052d95282023-06-17T05:31:16ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032023-01-01185e028576210.1371/journal.pone.0285762Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy.Kouhei KitajimaAko OiwaTakahiro MiyakoshiManami HosokawaMayuka FurihataMasaaki TakahashiShizue MasukiHiroshi NoseYosuke OkuboAi SatoMasanori YamazakiMitsuhisa KomatsuThere are few established easy-to-perform exercise protocols with evidence-based effects for individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A unique exercise regimen, interval walking training (IWT), has been reported to be beneficial for improving metabolic function, physical fitness and muscle strength in adults of overall health. This pilot study aims to demonstrate descriptive statistics of IWT adherence and changes in various data before and after the intervention of IWT in adults with T2D, perform statistical hypothesis testing, and calculate effect sizes. We performed a single-arm interventional pilot study with IWT for 20 weeks. We enrolled 51 participants with T2D aged 20-80 years with glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 6.5-10.0% (48-86 mmol/mol) and a body mass index of 20-34 kg/m2, respectively. The target was 60 min/week of fast walking for 20 weeks. The participants visited the hospital and were examined at 4-week intervals during this period. Between the start of IWT and after 20 weeks, we measured and evaluated changes in glucose and lipid metabolism data, body composition, physical fitness, muscle strength, dietary calorie intake, and daily exercise calories. All included participants completed IWT, with 39% of them reaching the target length of fast walking over 1,200 minutes in 20 weeks. In the primary outcome, HbA1c levels, and in the secondary, lipid metabolism and body composition, no significant changes were observed except for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (from 1.4 mmol/L to 1.5 mmol/L, p = 0.0093, t-test). However, in the target achievement group, a significant increase in VO2 peak by 10% (from 1,682 mL/min to 1,827 mL/min, p = 0.037, t-test) was observed. Effect sizes were Cohen's d = 0.25 of HDL-C, -0.55 of triglyceride, and 0.24 of VO2 peak in the target achievement group, which were considered to be of small to medium clinical significance. These results could be solely attributed to IWT since there were no significant differences in dietary intake and daily life energy consumption before and after the study. IWT could be highly versatile and was suggested to have a positive effect on lipid metabolism and physical fitness. In future randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies, the detailed effects of IWT, focusing on these parameters, will be examined. Trial registration: This trial was registered with the Japanese University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR: Usefulness on interval walking training in patients with type 2 diabetes. 000037303).https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285762 |
| spellingShingle | Kouhei Kitajima Ako Oiwa Takahiro Miyakoshi Manami Hosokawa Mayuka Furihata Masaaki Takahashi Shizue Masuki Hiroshi Nose Yosuke Okubo Ai Sato Masanori Yamazaki Mitsuhisa Komatsu Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. PLoS ONE |
| title | Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. |
| title_full | Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. |
| title_fullStr | Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. |
| title_short | Interval walking training in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy. |
| title_sort | interval walking training in type 2 diabetes a pilot study to evaluate the applicability as exercise therapy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285762 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kouheikitajima intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT akooiwa intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT takahiromiyakoshi intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT manamihosokawa intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT mayukafurihata intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT masaakitakahashi intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT shizuemasuki intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT hiroshinose intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT yosukeokubo intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT aisato intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT masanoriyamazaki intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy AT mitsuhisakomatsu intervalwalkingtrainingintype2diabetesapilotstudytoevaluatetheapplicabilityasexercisetherapy |