| Summary: | Background: Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) is a rare primary liver cancer, and whether liver transplantation should be implemented among CHC patients is still controversial. We intend to conduct a retrospective cohort study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to investigate the prognosis of liver transplantation vs. liver resection among CHC patients. Methods: Patients diagnosed with CHC (ICD-O-3:8180/3) and treated with transplantation or hepatectomy were extracted from the SEER database (2000–2018). We utilized Propensity Score Matching to control confounding bias. Kaplan-Meier curve was used for survival analysis, and Cox regression was used to find independent factors associated with prognosis. Results: We identified 123 (transplantation: 49; resection: 74) patients with CHC who were treated between 2004 and 2015. In the entire cohort, survival analysis demonstrated transplantation group was associated with better overall survival and cancer-specific survival (log-rank p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively). In addition, liver transplantation still conferred better overall and cancer-specific survival than liver resection after Propensity Score Matching (log-rank p = 0.024 and p = 0.048, respectively). However, this advantage didn't appear in the subgroup, regardless of whether the tumor size was greater than 3 cm or not. (≤3 cm: OS log-rank p = 0.230, CSS log-rank p = 0.370; >3 cm: OS log-rank p = 0.110, CSS log-rank p = 0.084). Multivariate analysis validated the finding that liver transplantation was a protective factor for overall survival (HR = 0.55 [0.31–0.95], p = 0.032). Conclusions: Liver transplantation may be an option in individuals with CHC and should be taken into consideration due to its advantages in terms of overall survival and cancer-specific survival. However, a sizable sample is required for future studies to determine which subset of CHC patients may benefit more from liver transplantation.
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