Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications
Nowadays, increasing interest in olive pomace (OP) valorization aims to improve olive’s industry sustainability. Interestingly, several studies propose a high-value application for OP extracts containing its main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, as therapy for ocular surface diseas...
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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author | Nikolaos Katsinas Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca Andreia Bento da Silva Maria Rosário Bronze Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo |
author_facet | Nikolaos Katsinas Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca Andreia Bento da Silva Maria Rosário Bronze Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo |
author_sort | Nikolaos Katsinas |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Nowadays, increasing interest in olive pomace (OP) valorization aims to improve olive’s industry sustainability. Interestingly, several studies propose a high-value application for OP extracts containing its main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, as therapy for ocular surface diseases. In this work, the stability and accessibility of OP total phenolic and flavonoid content, main representative compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed under different pretreatment conditions. Among them, lyophilization and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction were found to increase significantly most responses measured in the produced extracts. Two selected extracts (CONV and OPT3) were obtained by different techniques (conventional and pressurized liquid extraction); Their aqueous solutions were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Additionally, their safety and stability were evaluated according to EMA requirements towards their approval as ophthalmic products: their genotoxic effect on ocular surface cells and their 6-months storage stability at 4 different temperature/moisture conditions (CPMP/ICH/2736/99), together with pure hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein solutions. The concentration of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein in pure or extract solutions was tracked, and possible degradation products were putatively identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein had different stability as standard or extract solutions, with oleuropein also showing different degradation profile. All compounds/extracts were safe for ophthalmic use at the concentrations tested. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:53:57Z |
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language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:53:57Z |
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series | Molecules |
spelling | doaj.art-4cdb6d1be88a47a48a2fbb68afeca4082023-11-22T16:35:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-10-012619600210.3390/molecules26196002Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic ApplicationsNikolaos Katsinas0Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca1Andreia Bento da Silva2Maria Rosário Bronze3Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo4Research Institute on Bioeconomy (BioEcoUVa), High Pressure Processes Group, School of Engineering, University of Valladolid (UVa), Dr. Mergelina Street, 47011 Valladolid, SpainInstitute of Applied Ophthalmobiology (IOBA), Campus Miguel Delibes, University of Valladolid (UVa), Paseo de Belén 17, 47011 Valladolid, SpainInstituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa (FFULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, PortugalInstituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa (FFULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-019 Lisbon, PortugalResearch Institute on Bioeconomy (BioEcoUVa), High Pressure Processes Group, School of Engineering, University of Valladolid (UVa), Dr. Mergelina Street, 47011 Valladolid, SpainNowadays, increasing interest in olive pomace (OP) valorization aims to improve olive’s industry sustainability. Interestingly, several studies propose a high-value application for OP extracts containing its main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, as therapy for ocular surface diseases. In this work, the stability and accessibility of OP total phenolic and flavonoid content, main representative compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed under different pretreatment conditions. Among them, lyophilization and supercritical CO<sub>2</sub> extraction were found to increase significantly most responses measured in the produced extracts. Two selected extracts (CONV and OPT3) were obtained by different techniques (conventional and pressurized liquid extraction); Their aqueous solutions were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Additionally, their safety and stability were evaluated according to EMA requirements towards their approval as ophthalmic products: their genotoxic effect on ocular surface cells and their 6-months storage stability at 4 different temperature/moisture conditions (CPMP/ICH/2736/99), together with pure hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein solutions. The concentration of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein in pure or extract solutions was tracked, and possible degradation products were putatively identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein had different stability as standard or extract solutions, with oleuropein also showing different degradation profile. All compounds/extracts were safe for ophthalmic use at the concentrations tested.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/19/6002olive pomacephenolic extractsoleuropeinhydroxytyrosolstorage stabilitygenotoxicity assay |
spellingShingle | Nikolaos Katsinas Amalia Enríquez-de-Salamanca Andreia Bento da Silva Maria Rosário Bronze Soraya Rodríguez-Rojo Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications Molecules olive pomace phenolic extracts oleuropein hydroxytyrosol storage stability genotoxicity assay |
title | Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications |
title_full | Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications |
title_fullStr | Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications |
title_full_unstemmed | Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications |
title_short | Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications |
title_sort | olive pomace phenolic compounds stability and safety evaluation from raw material to future ophthalmic applications |
topic | olive pomace phenolic extracts oleuropein hydroxytyrosol storage stability genotoxicity assay |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/19/6002 |
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