The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts
This paper presents experimental results on the behavior of a class of glass fiber composites under low velocity impacts, in order to analyze their usage in designing low velocity impact-resistant components in car and marine industries. Also, a finite element model at the meso level (considering ya...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/23/4549 |
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| author | Iulian Păduraru George Ghiocel Ojoc Horia Petrescu Iulia Graur Cătălin Pîrvu Lorena Deleanu |
| author_facet | Iulian Păduraru George Ghiocel Ojoc Horia Petrescu Iulia Graur Cătălin Pîrvu Lorena Deleanu |
| author_sort | Iulian Păduraru |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This paper presents experimental results on the behavior of a class of glass fiber composites under low velocity impacts, in order to analyze their usage in designing low velocity impact-resistant components in car and marine industries. Also, a finite element model at the meso level (considering yarn as a compact, homogenous and isotropic material) was run with the help of Ansys Explicit Dynamics in order to point out the stages of the failure and the equivalent stress distribution on the main yarns in different layers of the composite. The composites were manufactured at laboratory scale via the laying-up and pressing method, using a quadriaxial glass fiber fabric (0°/+45°/90°/−45°) supplied by Castro Composites (Pontevedra, Spain) and an epoxy resin. The resin was a two-component resin (Biresin<sup>®</sup> CR82 and hardener CH80-2) supplied by Sika Group (Bludenz, Austria). The mass ratio for the fabric and panel was kept in the range of 0.70–0.77. The variables for this research were as follows: the number of layers of glass fiber fabric, the impact velocity (2–4 m/s, corresponding to an impact energy of 11–45 J, respectively) and the diameter of the hemispherical impactor (Φ10 mm and Φ20 mm) made of hardened steel. The tests were performed on an Instron CEAST 9340 test machine, and at least three tests with close results are presented. We investigated the influence of the test parameters on the maximum force (F<sub>max</sub>) measured during impact, the time to F<sub>max</sub> and the duration of impact, t<sub>f</sub>, all considered when the force is falling to zero again. Scanning electron microscopy and photography were used for discussing the failure processes at the fiber (micro) and panel (macro) level. At a velocity impact of 2 m/s (corresponding to an impact energy of 11 J), even the thinner panels (with two layers of quadriaxial glass fiber fabric, 1.64 mm thickness and a surface density of 3.51 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) had only partial penetration (damages on the panel face, without damage on panel back), but at a velocity impact of 4 m/s (corresponding to an impact energy of 45 J), only composite panels with six layers of quadriaxial fabric (5.25 mm thickness and a surface density of 9.89 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) presented back faces with only micro-exfoliated spots of the matrix for tests with both impactors. These results encourage the continuation of research on actual components for car and naval industries subjected to low velocity impacts. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:43:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4cdf436bf96044078d110342ef8da533 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T01:43:53Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-4cdf436bf96044078d110342ef8da5332023-12-08T15:24:22ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-11-011523454910.3390/polym15234549The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity ImpactsIulian Păduraru0George Ghiocel Ojoc1Horia Petrescu2Iulia Graur3Cătălin Pîrvu4Lorena Deleanu5“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 800008 Galati, Romania“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 800008 Galati, RomaniaNational University of Science and Technology “Politehnica”, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, 060042 Bucharest, Romania“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Transfrontier Faculty, Department of Applied Sciences, 800008 Galati, RomaniaNational Institute for Aerospace Research “Elie Carafoli”, 061126 Bucharest, Romania“Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 800008 Galati, RomaniaThis paper presents experimental results on the behavior of a class of glass fiber composites under low velocity impacts, in order to analyze their usage in designing low velocity impact-resistant components in car and marine industries. Also, a finite element model at the meso level (considering yarn as a compact, homogenous and isotropic material) was run with the help of Ansys Explicit Dynamics in order to point out the stages of the failure and the equivalent stress distribution on the main yarns in different layers of the composite. The composites were manufactured at laboratory scale via the laying-up and pressing method, using a quadriaxial glass fiber fabric (0°/+45°/90°/−45°) supplied by Castro Composites (Pontevedra, Spain) and an epoxy resin. The resin was a two-component resin (Biresin<sup>®</sup> CR82 and hardener CH80-2) supplied by Sika Group (Bludenz, Austria). The mass ratio for the fabric and panel was kept in the range of 0.70–0.77. The variables for this research were as follows: the number of layers of glass fiber fabric, the impact velocity (2–4 m/s, corresponding to an impact energy of 11–45 J, respectively) and the diameter of the hemispherical impactor (Φ10 mm and Φ20 mm) made of hardened steel. The tests were performed on an Instron CEAST 9340 test machine, and at least three tests with close results are presented. We investigated the influence of the test parameters on the maximum force (F<sub>max</sub>) measured during impact, the time to F<sub>max</sub> and the duration of impact, t<sub>f</sub>, all considered when the force is falling to zero again. Scanning electron microscopy and photography were used for discussing the failure processes at the fiber (micro) and panel (macro) level. At a velocity impact of 2 m/s (corresponding to an impact energy of 11 J), even the thinner panels (with two layers of quadriaxial glass fiber fabric, 1.64 mm thickness and a surface density of 3.51 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) had only partial penetration (damages on the panel face, without damage on panel back), but at a velocity impact of 4 m/s (corresponding to an impact energy of 45 J), only composite panels with six layers of quadriaxial fabric (5.25 mm thickness and a surface density of 9.89 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) presented back faces with only micro-exfoliated spots of the matrix for tests with both impactors. These results encourage the continuation of research on actual components for car and naval industries subjected to low velocity impacts.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/23/4549glass fiber compositebicomponent epoxy resinquadriaxial fabricslow velocity impacthemispherical hardened steel impactormaximum force during impact |
| spellingShingle | Iulian Păduraru George Ghiocel Ojoc Horia Petrescu Iulia Graur Cătălin Pîrvu Lorena Deleanu The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts Polymers glass fiber composite bicomponent epoxy resin quadriaxial fabrics low velocity impact hemispherical hardened steel impactor maximum force during impact |
| title | The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts |
| title_full | The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts |
| title_fullStr | The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts |
| title_short | The Behavior of Glass Fiber Composites under Low Velocity Impacts |
| title_sort | behavior of glass fiber composites under low velocity impacts |
| topic | glass fiber composite bicomponent epoxy resin quadriaxial fabrics low velocity impact hemispherical hardened steel impactor maximum force during impact |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/23/4549 |
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