Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Climate and other environmental factors continue to play important contributions on the livelihoods of communities all over the world. Their influence during historical periods and the roles they played remain under-reported. The main objective of this review is to investigate the climatological con...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | Climate |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/10/8/119 |
| _version_ | 1797410753816297472 |
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| author | Mphethe I. Tongwane Teke S. Ramotubei Mokhele E. Moeletsi |
| author_facet | Mphethe I. Tongwane Teke S. Ramotubei Mokhele E. Moeletsi |
| author_sort | Mphethe I. Tongwane |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Climate and other environmental factors continue to play important contributions on the livelihoods of communities all over the world. Their influence during historical periods and the roles they played remain under-reported. The main objective of this review is to investigate the climatological conditions during the time of the invasion of early European settlers in Southern Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It establishes the possible relationships between climate variability and historical conflicts and wars, famines, disease pandemics, and the migration of African people to towns in search of sustainable and predictable livelihoods away from unreliable agriculture. A qualitative analysis of published peer reviewed literature in the form of reports, papers, and books was used in this review. At least 60 literature items were reviewed in this paper. There is a relationship between climate variability and the historical events of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tribal conflicts and most of the wars between the settlers and the African people for land coincided with periods of droughts. Drought were key causes of famines, instabilities, and land degradation in the region. This study highlights the influence of environmental conditions on socio-economic conditions as the world enters an era of climate change and urbanization in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It shows that the hardships caused by environmental conditions have the potential to destabilize societies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:34:47Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ce9be8313ee48fa9a11d79227ca795a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2225-1154 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:34:47Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Climate |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ce9be8313ee48fa9a11d79227ca795a2023-12-03T13:29:10ZengMDPI AGClimate2225-11542022-08-0110811910.3390/cli10080119Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th CenturiesMphethe I. Tongwane0Teke S. Ramotubei1Mokhele E. Moeletsi2Zutari, Riverwalk Office Park, 41 Matroosberg Road, Ashlea Gardens Extension 6, Private Bag X13, Pretoria 9866, South AfricaClimate Modelling Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaAgricultural Research Council-Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South AfricaClimate and other environmental factors continue to play important contributions on the livelihoods of communities all over the world. Their influence during historical periods and the roles they played remain under-reported. The main objective of this review is to investigate the climatological conditions during the time of the invasion of early European settlers in Southern Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It establishes the possible relationships between climate variability and historical conflicts and wars, famines, disease pandemics, and the migration of African people to towns in search of sustainable and predictable livelihoods away from unreliable agriculture. A qualitative analysis of published peer reviewed literature in the form of reports, papers, and books was used in this review. At least 60 literature items were reviewed in this paper. There is a relationship between climate variability and the historical events of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Tribal conflicts and most of the wars between the settlers and the African people for land coincided with periods of droughts. Drought were key causes of famines, instabilities, and land degradation in the region. This study highlights the influence of environmental conditions on socio-economic conditions as the world enters an era of climate change and urbanization in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It shows that the hardships caused by environmental conditions have the potential to destabilize societies.https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/10/8/119droughtsfloodsfaminespovertyEuropean settlerswars |
| spellingShingle | Mphethe I. Tongwane Teke S. Ramotubei Mokhele E. Moeletsi Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries Climate droughts floods famines poverty European settlers wars |
| title | Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries |
| title_full | Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries |
| title_short | Influence of Climate on Conflicts and Migrations in Southern Africa in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries |
| title_sort | influence of climate on conflicts and migrations in southern africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries |
| topic | droughts floods famines poverty European settlers wars |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/10/8/119 |
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