Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares
In this paper, the evolution of our understanding about post breeding endometritis (PBE), the susceptibility of mares, and events leading to endometrosis are reviewed. When sperm arrive in the uterus, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. They attract neutrophils and induce modulat...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/6/779 |
| _version_ | 1827650231876976640 |
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| author | Terttu Katila Graça Ferreira-Dias |
| author_facet | Terttu Katila Graça Ferreira-Dias |
| author_sort | Terttu Katila |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, the evolution of our understanding about post breeding endometritis (PBE), the susceptibility of mares, and events leading to endometrosis are reviewed. When sperm arrive in the uterus, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. They attract neutrophils and induce modulatory cytokines which control inflammation. In susceptible mares, this physiological defense can be prolonged since the pattern of cytokine release differs from that of resistant mares being delayed and weaker for anti-inflammatory cytokines. Delayed uterine clearance due to conformational defects, deficient myometrial contractions, and failure of the cervix to relax is detected by intrauterine fluid accumulation and is an important reason for susceptibility to endometritis. Multiparous aged mares are more likely to be susceptible. Untreated prolonged PBE can lead to bacterial or fungal endometritis called persistent or chronic endometritis. Exuberant or prolonged neutrophilia and cytokine release can have deleterious and permanent effects in inducing endometrosis. Interactions of neutrophils, cytokines, and prostaglandins in the formation of collagen and extracellular matrix in the pathogenesis of fibrosis are discussed. Endometritis and endometrosis are interconnected, influencing each other. It is suggested that they represent epigenetic changes induced by age and hostile uterine environment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4cf60f0bd1de40d882b05a816b12e292 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:12:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-4cf60f0bd1de40d882b05a816b12e2922023-11-24T00:10:02ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152022-03-0112677910.3390/ani12060779Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of MaresTerttu Katila0Graça Ferreira-Dias1Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 04920 Saarentaus, FinlandDepartment of Morphology and Function, CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, PortugalIn this paper, the evolution of our understanding about post breeding endometritis (PBE), the susceptibility of mares, and events leading to endometrosis are reviewed. When sperm arrive in the uterus, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are released. They attract neutrophils and induce modulatory cytokines which control inflammation. In susceptible mares, this physiological defense can be prolonged since the pattern of cytokine release differs from that of resistant mares being delayed and weaker for anti-inflammatory cytokines. Delayed uterine clearance due to conformational defects, deficient myometrial contractions, and failure of the cervix to relax is detected by intrauterine fluid accumulation and is an important reason for susceptibility to endometritis. Multiparous aged mares are more likely to be susceptible. Untreated prolonged PBE can lead to bacterial or fungal endometritis called persistent or chronic endometritis. Exuberant or prolonged neutrophilia and cytokine release can have deleterious and permanent effects in inducing endometrosis. Interactions of neutrophils, cytokines, and prostaglandins in the formation of collagen and extracellular matrix in the pathogenesis of fibrosis are discussed. Endometritis and endometrosis are interconnected, influencing each other. It is suggested that they represent epigenetic changes induced by age and hostile uterine environment.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/6/779marebreedingendometritisendometrosisinflammationfibrosis |
| spellingShingle | Terttu Katila Graça Ferreira-Dias Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares Animals mare breeding endometritis endometrosis inflammation fibrosis |
| title | Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares |
| title_full | Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares |
| title_fullStr | Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares |
| title_short | Evolution of the Concepts of Endometrosis, Post Breeding Endometritis, and Susceptibility of Mares |
| title_sort | evolution of the concepts of endometrosis post breeding endometritis and susceptibility of mares |
| topic | mare breeding endometritis endometrosis inflammation fibrosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/12/6/779 |
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