Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease
Apple scab, caused by <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>, is one of the world’s most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control age...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/66 |
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| author | Yash Paul Khajuria Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon Sanjana Kaul Manoj Kumar Dhar |
| author_facet | Yash Paul Khajuria Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon Sanjana Kaul Manoj Kumar Dhar |
| author_sort | Yash Paul Khajuria |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Apple scab, caused by <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>, is one of the world’s most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control agents. Fungi secrete various effectors and other virulence-associated proteins that suppress or alter the host’s immune system, and several such proteins were discovered in this work. Using state-of-the-art bioinformatics techniques, we examined the <i>V. inaequalis</i> reference genome (EU-B04), resulting in the identification of 647 secreted proteins, of which 328 were classified as small secreted proteins (SSPs), with 76.52% of SSPs identified as anticipated effector proteins. The more prevalent CAZyme proteins were the enzymes engaged in plant cell wall disintegration (targeting pectin and xylanase), adhesion and penetration (Cutinases/acetyl xylan esterase), and reactive oxygen species formation (multicopper oxidases). Furthermore, members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family were identified as the most abundant host defense peptidases. Several known effector proteins were discovered to be expressed during the <i>V. inaequalis</i> infection process on apple leaves. The present study provides valuable data that can be used to develop new strategies for controlling apple scab. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4cfc5077039b46318bf47618b482ce66 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-4cfc5077039b46318bf47618b482ce662023-11-30T23:53:16ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-12-011216610.3390/pathogens12010066Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree DiseaseYash Paul Khajuria0Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon1Sanjana Kaul2Manoj Kumar Dhar3School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, IndiaSchool of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, IndiaSchool of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, IndiaSchool of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu 180006, IndiaApple scab, caused by <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>, is one of the world’s most commercially significant apple diseases. The fungi have a catastrophic impact on apples, causing considerable losses in fruit quality and productivity in many apple-growing locations despite numerous control agents. Fungi secrete various effectors and other virulence-associated proteins that suppress or alter the host’s immune system, and several such proteins were discovered in this work. Using state-of-the-art bioinformatics techniques, we examined the <i>V. inaequalis</i> reference genome (EU-B04), resulting in the identification of 647 secreted proteins, of which 328 were classified as small secreted proteins (SSPs), with 76.52% of SSPs identified as anticipated effector proteins. The more prevalent CAZyme proteins were the enzymes engaged in plant cell wall disintegration (targeting pectin and xylanase), adhesion and penetration (Cutinases/acetyl xylan esterase), and reactive oxygen species formation (multicopper oxidases). Furthermore, members of the S9 prolyl oligopeptidase family were identified as the most abundant host defense peptidases. Several known effector proteins were discovered to be expressed during the <i>V. inaequalis</i> infection process on apple leaves. The present study provides valuable data that can be used to develop new strategies for controlling apple scab.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/66<i>Venturia inaequalis</i>transposable elementsgenome annotationsecreted proteinsvirulence |
| spellingShingle | Yash Paul Khajuria Bashir Akhlaq Akhoon Sanjana Kaul Manoj Kumar Dhar Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease Pathogens <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> transposable elements genome annotation secreted proteins virulence |
| title | Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease |
| title_full | Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease |
| title_fullStr | Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease |
| title_full_unstemmed | Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease |
| title_short | Secretomic Insights into the Pathophysiology of <i>Venturia inaequalis</i>: The Causative Agent of Scab, a Devastating Apple Tree Disease |
| title_sort | secretomic insights into the pathophysiology of i venturia inaequalis i the causative agent of scab a devastating apple tree disease |
| topic | <i>Venturia inaequalis</i> transposable elements genome annotation secreted proteins virulence |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/66 |
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