Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California
Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutrition assistance to half of infants born in the United States. The nationally representative WIC Infants and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (ITFPS-2) reported a caloric deficit at 7 months a...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.723501/full |
| _version_ | 1819121263113666560 |
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| author | Christopher E. Anderson Shannon E. Whaley Catherine M. Crespi May C. Wang M. Pia Chaparro |
| author_facet | Christopher E. Anderson Shannon E. Whaley Catherine M. Crespi May C. Wang M. Pia Chaparro |
| author_sort | Christopher E. Anderson |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutrition assistance to half of infants born in the United States. The nationally representative WIC Infants and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (ITFPS-2) reported a caloric deficit at 7 months among infants receiving WIC mixed feeding packages, suggesting these infants may be at risk for growth deceleration/faltering.Methods: Longitudinal administrative data collected prospectively from WIC participants in Southern California between 2010 and 2019 were used (n = 16,255). Infant lengths and weights were used to calculate weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and length-for-age (LAZ) z-scores at different time points. Growth deceleration/faltering was determined at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months by the change in z-score from the last measurement taken ≤ 6 months of age. Infant feeding was categorized by the food package (breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding) infants received from WIC at 7 months. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association between WIC infant package at 7 months and deceleration/faltering at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months.Results: The proportion of infants displaying decelerated/faltering growth was low for all infant food package groups. Receiving the WIC mixed feeding package at 7 months of age was not associated with WLZ, WAZ, and LAZ deceleration/faltering growth.Conclusions: Growth deceleration/faltering rates were very low among WIC participating children in Southern California, highlighting the critical role of nutrition assistance in supporting adequate growth in early childhood. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T06:33:47Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T06:33:47Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-4cfe1fd518e745fc9442454b3bb0229b2022-12-21T18:35:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2021-10-01810.3389/fnut.2021.723501723501Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern CaliforniaChristopher E. Anderson0Shannon E. Whaley1Catherine M. Crespi2May C. Wang3M. Pia Chaparro4Division of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC, Irwindale, CA, United StatesDivision of Research and Evaluation, Public Health Foundation Enterprises WIC, Irwindale, CA, United StatesDepartment of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United StatesDepartment of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United StatesBackground: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides nutrition assistance to half of infants born in the United States. The nationally representative WIC Infants and Toddler Feeding Practices Study-2 (ITFPS-2) reported a caloric deficit at 7 months among infants receiving WIC mixed feeding packages, suggesting these infants may be at risk for growth deceleration/faltering.Methods: Longitudinal administrative data collected prospectively from WIC participants in Southern California between 2010 and 2019 were used (n = 16,255). Infant lengths and weights were used to calculate weight-for-length (WLZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and length-for-age (LAZ) z-scores at different time points. Growth deceleration/faltering was determined at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months by the change in z-score from the last measurement taken ≤ 6 months of age. Infant feeding was categorized by the food package (breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding) infants received from WIC at 7 months. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association between WIC infant package at 7 months and deceleration/faltering at 9, 12, 18, and 24 months.Results: The proportion of infants displaying decelerated/faltering growth was low for all infant food package groups. Receiving the WIC mixed feeding package at 7 months of age was not associated with WLZ, WAZ, and LAZ deceleration/faltering growth.Conclusions: Growth deceleration/faltering rates were very low among WIC participating children in Southern California, highlighting the critical role of nutrition assistance in supporting adequate growth in early childhood.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.723501/fullinfant formulabreastfeedingWICgrowth falteringchild growth |
| spellingShingle | Christopher E. Anderson Shannon E. Whaley Catherine M. Crespi May C. Wang M. Pia Chaparro Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California Frontiers in Nutrition infant formula breastfeeding WIC growth faltering child growth |
| title | Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California |
| title_full | Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California |
| title_fullStr | Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California |
| title_short | Mixed Infant Feeding Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Decelerated Growth Among WIC-Participating Children in Southern California |
| title_sort | mixed infant feeding is not associated with increased risk of decelerated growth among wic participating children in southern california |
| topic | infant formula breastfeeding WIC growth faltering child growth |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.723501/full |
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