RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma
Abstract Background Lung cancer is reported to be the leading cause of death in males and females, globally. Increasing evidence highlights the paramount importance of Lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) in different types of cancers, though it’s role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still inadequately e...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-08-01
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| Series: | BMC Cancer |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11221-6 |
| _version_ | 1826983560140029952 |
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| author | Yu Zhang Tianyi Zhang Yingdong Zhao Hongdi Wu Qiang Zhen Suwei Zhu Shaoshuai Hou |
| author_facet | Yu Zhang Tianyi Zhang Yingdong Zhao Hongdi Wu Qiang Zhen Suwei Zhu Shaoshuai Hou |
| author_sort | Yu Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Lung cancer is reported to be the leading cause of death in males and females, globally. Increasing evidence highlights the paramount importance of Lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) in different types of cancers, though it’s role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still inadequately explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate and determine the relationship between LDHD and LUAD. Methods The collection of the samples was guided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). To ascertain various aspects around LDHD function, we analyzed different expression genes (DEGs), functional enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. The predictive values for LDHD were collectively determined using the Kaplan–Meier method, Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram. Evaluation of the immune infiltration analysis was completed using Estimate and ssGSEA. The prediction of the immunotherapy response was based on TIDE and IPS. The LDHD expression levels in LUAD were validated through Western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry methods. Wound healing and transwell assays were also performed to illustrate the aggressive features in LUAD cell lines. Results The results showed that LDHD was generally downregulated in LUAD patients, with the low LDHD group presenting a decline in OS, DSS, and PFI. Enriched pathways, which include pyruvate metabolism, central carbon metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were observed through KEGG analysis. It was also noted that the expression of LDHD expression was inversely related to immune cell infiltration and typical checkpoints. The high LDHD group’s response to immunotherapy was remarkable, particularly in CTAL4 + /PD1- therapy. In vitro studies revealed that the overexpression of LDHD caused tumor migration and invasion to be suppressed. Conclusion In conclusion, our study revealed that LDHD might be an effective predictor of prognosis and immune filtration, possibly leading to better choices for immunotherapy. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T15:06:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4d196c136bfa4f85ae29954069698959 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2407 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-02-18T06:39:04Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Cancer |
| spelling | doaj.art-4d196c136bfa4f85ae299540696989592024-11-10T12:29:36ZengBMCBMC Cancer1471-24072023-08-0123112110.1186/s12885-023-11221-6RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinomaYu Zhang0Tianyi Zhang1Yingdong Zhao2Hongdi Wu3Qiang Zhen4Suwei Zhu5Shaoshuai Hou6Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong UniversityResearch Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityLiaocheng Third People’s HospitalDepartment of Fundamental, Air Force Communications NCO AcademyCollege of Pharmacy, Shandong First Medical UniversityDepartment of Critical-Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical UniversityDepartment of Pharmacy, Tengzhou Central People’s HospitalAbstract Background Lung cancer is reported to be the leading cause of death in males and females, globally. Increasing evidence highlights the paramount importance of Lactate dehydrogenase D (LDHD) in different types of cancers, though it’s role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is still inadequately explored. In this study, we aimed to investigate and determine the relationship between LDHD and LUAD. Methods The collection of the samples was guided by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). To ascertain various aspects around LDHD function, we analyzed different expression genes (DEGs), functional enrichment, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. The predictive values for LDHD were collectively determined using the Kaplan–Meier method, Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram. Evaluation of the immune infiltration analysis was completed using Estimate and ssGSEA. The prediction of the immunotherapy response was based on TIDE and IPS. The LDHD expression levels in LUAD were validated through Western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry methods. Wound healing and transwell assays were also performed to illustrate the aggressive features in LUAD cell lines. Results The results showed that LDHD was generally downregulated in LUAD patients, with the low LDHD group presenting a decline in OS, DSS, and PFI. Enriched pathways, which include pyruvate metabolism, central carbon metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation were observed through KEGG analysis. It was also noted that the expression of LDHD expression was inversely related to immune cell infiltration and typical checkpoints. The high LDHD group’s response to immunotherapy was remarkable, particularly in CTAL4 + /PD1- therapy. In vitro studies revealed that the overexpression of LDHD caused tumor migration and invasion to be suppressed. Conclusion In conclusion, our study revealed that LDHD might be an effective predictor of prognosis and immune filtration, possibly leading to better choices for immunotherapy.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11221-6Lactate dehydrogenase DLung adenocarcinomaThe Cancer Genome AtlasBiomarkerPrognosisImmune infiltration |
| spellingShingle | Yu Zhang Tianyi Zhang Yingdong Zhao Hongdi Wu Qiang Zhen Suwei Zhu Shaoshuai Hou RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma BMC Cancer Lactate dehydrogenase D Lung adenocarcinoma The Cancer Genome Atlas Biomarker Prognosis Immune infiltration |
| title | RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| title_full | RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| title_fullStr | RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| title_full_unstemmed | RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| title_short | RETRACTED ARTICLE: Lactate dehydrogenase D serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| title_sort | retracted article lactate dehydrogenase d serves as a novel biomarker for prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma |
| topic | Lactate dehydrogenase D Lung adenocarcinoma The Cancer Genome Atlas Biomarker Prognosis Immune infiltration |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11221-6 |
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