Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
The genus <i>Carthamus</i> is a diverse group of plants belonging to the family Compositae. Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> species exhibit various colors, including white, yellow, orange, and red, which are related to their metabolite compositions. We aimed to investigate the me...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Metabolites |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/11/440 |
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| author | Jiseon Kim Awraris Derbie Assefa Jaeeun Song Vimalaj Mani Soyoung Park Seon-Kyeong Lee Kijong Lee Dong-Gwan Kim Bum-Soo Hahn |
| author_facet | Jiseon Kim Awraris Derbie Assefa Jaeeun Song Vimalaj Mani Soyoung Park Seon-Kyeong Lee Kijong Lee Dong-Gwan Kim Bum-Soo Hahn |
| author_sort | Jiseon Kim |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The genus <i>Carthamus</i> is a diverse group of plants belonging to the family Compositae. Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> species exhibit various colors, including white, yellow, orange, and red, which are related to their metabolite compositions. We aimed to investigate the metabolites accumulated in florets of three wild (<i>C. lanatus</i>, <i>C. palaestinus,</i> and <i>C. turkestanicus</i>) and one cultivated (<i>C. tinctorius</i>) species of safflower at three developmental stages. Metabolites were extracted from freeze-dried florets using 70% methanol; qualification and quantification were carried out using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes followed by extraction of the peaks. Fifty-six metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, chalcones, isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and other primary metabolites, were identified for the first time in safflower wild species. The orange florets contained high abundances of safflomin A, anhydrosafflor yellow B, and baimaside, whereas white/cream and light-yellow pigmented florets had high abundances of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin 7-<i>O</i>-glucuronide, and apigenin 7-<i>O</i>-β-<i>D</i>-glucuronide. The principal component analysis clearly distinguished the samples based on their pigment types, indicating that color is a dominant factor dictating the identity and amount of the metabolites. Pearson correlation data based on levels of metabolites showed that orange and yellow florets were significantly correlated to each other. White and cream pigmented species were also highly correlated. Comparison between three developmental stages of safflower wild species based on their metabolite profile showed inconsistent. The findings of this study broaden the current knowledge of safflower metabolism. The wide diversity of metabolites in safflower materials also helps in efforts to improve crop quality and agronomic traits. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:11:50Z |
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| id | doaj.art-4d2a162c006444678669fa27e7108b91 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-1989 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:11:50Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
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| series | Metabolites |
| spelling | doaj.art-4d2a162c006444678669fa27e7108b912023-11-20T19:16:29ZengMDPI AGMetabolites2218-19892020-10-01101144010.3390/metabo10110440Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass SpectrometryJiseon Kim0Awraris Derbie Assefa1Jaeeun Song2Vimalaj Mani3Soyoung Park4Seon-Kyeong Lee5Kijong Lee6Dong-Gwan Kim7Bum-Soo Hahn8Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaNational Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaDepartment of Bio-Industry and Bio-Resource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, KoreaNational Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, KoreaThe genus <i>Carthamus</i> is a diverse group of plants belonging to the family Compositae. Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> species exhibit various colors, including white, yellow, orange, and red, which are related to their metabolite compositions. We aimed to investigate the metabolites accumulated in florets of three wild (<i>C. lanatus</i>, <i>C. palaestinus,</i> and <i>C. turkestanicus</i>) and one cultivated (<i>C. tinctorius</i>) species of safflower at three developmental stages. Metabolites were extracted from freeze-dried florets using 70% methanol; qualification and quantification were carried out using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in positive and negative ion modes followed by extraction of the peaks. Fifty-six metabolites, including phenylpropanoids, chalcones, isoflavonoids, flavanones, flavonols, flavones, and other primary metabolites, were identified for the first time in safflower wild species. The orange florets contained high abundances of safflomin A, anhydrosafflor yellow B, and baimaside, whereas white/cream and light-yellow pigmented florets had high abundances of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin 7-<i>O</i>-glucuronide, and apigenin 7-<i>O</i>-β-<i>D</i>-glucuronide. The principal component analysis clearly distinguished the samples based on their pigment types, indicating that color is a dominant factor dictating the identity and amount of the metabolites. Pearson correlation data based on levels of metabolites showed that orange and yellow florets were significantly correlated to each other. White and cream pigmented species were also highly correlated. Comparison between three developmental stages of safflower wild species based on their metabolite profile showed inconsistent. The findings of this study broaden the current knowledge of safflower metabolism. The wide diversity of metabolites in safflower materials also helps in efforts to improve crop quality and agronomic traits.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/11/440floretsLC-ESI-QTOF-MSmetabolitespigmentsafflower wild species |
| spellingShingle | Jiseon Kim Awraris Derbie Assefa Jaeeun Song Vimalaj Mani Soyoung Park Seon-Kyeong Lee Kijong Lee Dong-Gwan Kim Bum-Soo Hahn Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Metabolites florets LC-ESI-QTOF-MS metabolites pigment safflower wild species |
| title | Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full | Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_short | Assessment of Metabolic Profiles in Florets of <i>Carthamus</i> Species Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry |
| title_sort | assessment of metabolic profiles in florets of i carthamus i species using ultra performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry |
| topic | florets LC-ESI-QTOF-MS metabolites pigment safflower wild species |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/10/11/440 |
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