Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents
Bio-based composites were developed from the epoxy derivatives of <i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oil and kraft lignin (ELALO and EpLnK), using UV radiation as a low energy consumption tool for the oxiranes reaction. To avoid the filler sedimentation or its inhomogeneous distribution in the o...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/2/439 |
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| author | Brindusa Balanuca Raluca Sanda Komartin Madalina Ioana Necolau Celina Maria Damian Raluca Stan |
| author_facet | Brindusa Balanuca Raluca Sanda Komartin Madalina Ioana Necolau Celina Maria Damian Raluca Stan |
| author_sort | Brindusa Balanuca |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Bio-based composites were developed from the epoxy derivatives of <i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oil and kraft lignin (ELALO and EpLnK), using UV radiation as a low energy consumption tool for the oxiranes reaction. To avoid the filler sedimentation or its inhomogeneous distribution in the oil matrix, different structure-directing agents (SDA) were employed: 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60). The SDA and EpLnK effect upon the ELALO-based formulations, their curing reaction and the performance of the resulting materials were investigated. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) indicates different modes of molecular arrangement through H bonds for the initial ELALO-SDA or ELALO-SDA-EpLnK systems, also confirming the epoxy group’s reaction through the cationic mechanism for the final composites. Gel fraction measurements validate the significant conversion of the epoxides for those materials containing SDAs or 1% EpLnK; an increased EpLnK amount (5%), with or without SDA addition, conduced to an inefficient polymerization process, with the UV radiation being partially absorbed by the filler. Thermo-gravimetric and dynamic-mechanical analyses (TGA and DMA) revealed good properties for the ELALO-based materials. By loading 1% EpLnK, the thermal stability was improved to with 10 °C (for Td3%) and the addition of each SDA differently influenced the Tg values but also gave differences in the glassy and rubbery states when the storage moduli were interrogated, depending on their chemical structures. Water affinity and morphological studies were also carried out. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:23:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4d2c4a3ffd184f50a5a504f480073e92 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:23:17Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-4d2c4a3ffd184f50a5a504f480073e922023-12-01T00:10:05ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602023-01-0115243910.3390/polym15020439Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing AgentsBrindusa Balanuca0Raluca Sanda Komartin1Madalina Ioana Necolau2Celina Maria Damian3Raluca Stan4Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, RomaniaAdvanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, RomaniaAdvanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, RomaniaDepartment of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, RomaniaBio-based composites were developed from the epoxy derivatives of <i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oil and kraft lignin (ELALO and EpLnK), using UV radiation as a low energy consumption tool for the oxiranes reaction. To avoid the filler sedimentation or its inhomogeneous distribution in the oil matrix, different structure-directing agents (SDA) were employed: 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS), 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and sorbitan monostearate (Span 60). The SDA and EpLnK effect upon the ELALO-based formulations, their curing reaction and the performance of the resulting materials were investigated. Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) indicates different modes of molecular arrangement through H bonds for the initial ELALO-SDA or ELALO-SDA-EpLnK systems, also confirming the epoxy group’s reaction through the cationic mechanism for the final composites. Gel fraction measurements validate the significant conversion of the epoxides for those materials containing SDAs or 1% EpLnK; an increased EpLnK amount (5%), with or without SDA addition, conduced to an inefficient polymerization process, with the UV radiation being partially absorbed by the filler. Thermo-gravimetric and dynamic-mechanical analyses (TGA and DMA) revealed good properties for the ELALO-based materials. By loading 1% EpLnK, the thermal stability was improved to with 10 °C (for Td3%) and the addition of each SDA differently influenced the Tg values but also gave differences in the glassy and rubbery states when the storage moduli were interrogated, depending on their chemical structures. Water affinity and morphological studies were also carried out.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/2/439<i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oilepoxidized vegetable oilepoxy-functionalized ligninbio-based compositesthermo-mechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Brindusa Balanuca Raluca Sanda Komartin Madalina Ioana Necolau Celina Maria Damian Raluca Stan Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents Polymers <i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oil epoxidized vegetable oil epoxy-functionalized lignin bio-based composites thermo-mechanical properties |
| title | Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents |
| title_full | Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents |
| title_fullStr | Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents |
| title_short | Investigating the Synthesis and Characteristics of UV-Cured Bio-Based Epoxy Vegetable Oil-Lignin Composites Mediated by Structure-Directing Agents |
| title_sort | investigating the synthesis and characteristics of uv cured bio based epoxy vegetable oil lignin composites mediated by structure directing agents |
| topic | <i>Lallemantia iberica</i> oil epoxidized vegetable oil epoxy-functionalized lignin bio-based composites thermo-mechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/15/2/439 |
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