The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots
Ochratoxin (OT) contamination of medicinal herbs is a serious threat to human health. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of OT contamination of licorice (<i>Glycyrrhiza</i> sp.) root. Licorice root samples were cut into eight parts, which were placed separately on sucr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/219 |
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| author | Abdelrahman Elamin Hirofumi Enomoto Maiko Watanabe Shohei Sakuda |
| author_facet | Abdelrahman Elamin Hirofumi Enomoto Maiko Watanabe Shohei Sakuda |
| author_sort | Abdelrahman Elamin |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ochratoxin (OT) contamination of medicinal herbs is a serious threat to human health. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of OT contamination of licorice (<i>Glycyrrhiza</i> sp.) root. Licorice root samples were cut into eight parts, which were placed separately on sucrose-free Czapek Dox agar medium, inoculated with the spores of ochratoxigenic <i>Aspergillus westerdijkiae</i>. After incubation for 10 and 20 days, the OT contents of the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and microtome sections prepared from the samples were analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, to visualize OT localization. The same sections were further examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to investigate the path of fungal mycelial penetration of the inner roots. OT concentrations tended to increase from the upper- to the middle-root parts. OTs were located in cut areas and areas of cork layer damage; they were not present in the undamaged cork layer, indicating that the structure of this layer prevents OT contamination of the licorice root. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4d4b4983941942478d565b8eae02bae0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T05:49:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-4d4b4983941942478d565b8eae02bae02023-11-17T14:14:31ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-03-0115321910.3390/toxins15030219The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice RootsAbdelrahman Elamin0Hirofumi Enomoto1Maiko Watanabe2Shohei Sakuda3Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, JapanDepartment of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, JapanDivision of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, JapanDepartment of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, JapanOchratoxin (OT) contamination of medicinal herbs is a serious threat to human health. This study was performed to investigate the mechanism of OT contamination of licorice (<i>Glycyrrhiza</i> sp.) root. Licorice root samples were cut into eight parts, which were placed separately on sucrose-free Czapek Dox agar medium, inoculated with the spores of ochratoxigenic <i>Aspergillus westerdijkiae</i>. After incubation for 10 and 20 days, the OT contents of the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and microtome sections prepared from the samples were analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, to visualize OT localization. The same sections were further examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, to investigate the path of fungal mycelial penetration of the inner roots. OT concentrations tended to increase from the upper- to the middle-root parts. OTs were located in cut areas and areas of cork layer damage; they were not present in the undamaged cork layer, indicating that the structure of this layer prevents OT contamination of the licorice root.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/219ochratoxinslicorice rootDESI-MS/MSIHPLCSEM |
| spellingShingle | Abdelrahman Elamin Hirofumi Enomoto Maiko Watanabe Shohei Sakuda The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots Toxins ochratoxins licorice root DESI-MS/MSI HPLC SEM |
| title | The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots |
| title_full | The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots |
| title_fullStr | The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots |
| title_short | The Mechanism of Ochratoxin Contamination of Artificially Inoculated Licorice Roots |
| title_sort | mechanism of ochratoxin contamination of artificially inoculated licorice roots |
| topic | ochratoxins licorice root DESI-MS/MSI HPLC SEM |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/3/219 |
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