Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin
The purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dis...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Polymers |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/11/2165 |
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| author | Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis Sucia Okta Handika Rita Kartika Sari Apri Heri Iswanto Petar Antov Lubos Kristak Seng Hua Lee Antonio Pizzi |
| author_facet | Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis Sucia Okta Handika Rita Kartika Sari Apri Heri Iswanto Petar Antov Lubos Kristak Seng Hua Lee Antonio Pizzi |
| author_sort | Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dissolving lignin in 20% NaOH and then adding polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI, 31% NCO) with a mole ratio of 0.3 NCO/OH. Ramie fiber was impregnated with LPU in a vacuum chamber equipped with a two-stage vacuum pump. Several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a universal testing machine were used to characterize lignin, LPU, and ramie fiber. The LPU resins had low viscosity ranging from 77 to 317 mPa·s<sup>−1</sup>. According to FTIR and EDX analysis, urethane bonds were formed during the synthesis of LPU resins and after impregnation into ramie fibers. After impregnation, the reaction between the LPU’s urethane group and the hydroxy group of ramie fiber increased thermal stability by an average of 6% and mechanical properties by an average of 100% compared to the untreated ramie fiber. The highest thermal stability and tensile strength were obtained at ramie impregnated with LPU-ethyl acetate for 30 min, with a residual weight of 22% and tensile strength of 648.7 MPa. This study showed that impregnation with LPU resins can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of fibers and increase their wider industrial utilization in value-added applications. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:57:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4d8f7ce626c4469aabaaeeff2127b00a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4360 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:57:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymers |
| spelling | doaj.art-4d8f7ce626c4469aabaaeeff2127b00a2023-11-23T14:40:42ZengMDPI AGPolymers2073-43602022-05-011411216510.3390/polym14112165Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from LigninMuhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis0Sucia Okta Handika1Rita Kartika Sari2Apri Heri Iswanto3Petar Antov4Lubos Kristak5Seng Hua Lee6Antonio Pizzi7Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, IndonesiaDepartment of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaDepartment of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Bogor 16680, IndonesiaDepartment of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, IndonesiaFaculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, BulgariaFaculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, SlovakiaLaboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, MalaysiaLERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, FranceThe purpose of this study was to prepare low-viscosity lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) resins for the modification of ramie (<i>Boehmeria nivea</i> (L.) Gaudich) fiber via impregnation to improve the fiber’s thermal and mechanical properties. Low-viscosity LPU resins were prepared by dissolving lignin in 20% NaOH and then adding polymeric 4,4-methane diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI, 31% NCO) with a mole ratio of 0.3 NCO/OH. Ramie fiber was impregnated with LPU in a vacuum chamber equipped with a two-stage vacuum pump. Several techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis-gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and a universal testing machine were used to characterize lignin, LPU, and ramie fiber. The LPU resins had low viscosity ranging from 77 to 317 mPa·s<sup>−1</sup>. According to FTIR and EDX analysis, urethane bonds were formed during the synthesis of LPU resins and after impregnation into ramie fibers. After impregnation, the reaction between the LPU’s urethane group and the hydroxy group of ramie fiber increased thermal stability by an average of 6% and mechanical properties by an average of 100% compared to the untreated ramie fiber. The highest thermal stability and tensile strength were obtained at ramie impregnated with LPU-ethyl acetate for 30 min, with a residual weight of 22% and tensile strength of 648.7 MPa. This study showed that impregnation with LPU resins can enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of fibers and increase their wider industrial utilization in value-added applications.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/11/2165bio-polyurethane resinsimpregnationligninramie fibersthermal stabilitymechanical properties |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Adly Rahandi Lubis Sucia Okta Handika Rita Kartika Sari Apri Heri Iswanto Petar Antov Lubos Kristak Seng Hua Lee Antonio Pizzi Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin Polymers bio-polyurethane resins impregnation lignin ramie fibers thermal stability mechanical properties |
| title | Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin |
| title_full | Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin |
| title_fullStr | Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin |
| title_short | Modification of Ramie Fiber via Impregnation with Low Viscosity Bio-Polyurethane Resins Derived from Lignin |
| title_sort | modification of ramie fiber via impregnation with low viscosity bio polyurethane resins derived from lignin |
| topic | bio-polyurethane resins impregnation lignin ramie fibers thermal stability mechanical properties |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/11/2165 |
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