Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops
Understanding the spatial–temporal variability of soil enzymatic activity and its relationship with nitrogen (N) resources in the soil and crop yield is crucial in rational management practices of mineral fertilization. The scarcity of comprehensive studies on geostatic analyses of agricultural soil...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Agriculture |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/10/2034 |
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| author | Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Aleksandra Grzyb Remigiusz Łukowiak Jakub Ceglarek Alicja Niewiadomska Dariusz Kayzer |
| author_facet | Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Aleksandra Grzyb Remigiusz Łukowiak Jakub Ceglarek Alicja Niewiadomska Dariusz Kayzer |
| author_sort | Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Understanding the spatial–temporal variability of soil enzymatic activity and its relationship with nitrogen (N) resources in the soil and crop yield is crucial in rational management practices of mineral fertilization. The scarcity of comprehensive studies on geostatic analyses of agricultural soils and plant yields, which would take into account both temporal and spatial variability, was the reason for undertaking this research. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the activity of soil enzymes, such as acid (PAC) and alkaline (PAL) phosphatases, urease (URE) and protease (PROT), the content of N-NH<sub>4</sub> (ammonium ions), N-NO<sub>3</sub> (nitrate ions), phosphorus (P), pH, moisture, as well as crop yield on a conventionally managed farmland of 40 ha. During the two-year experiment, soil samples were collected from 37 measurement points. Wheat was the first tested crop, followed by oilseed rape. It was shown that all the tested soil parameters showed temporal and spatial variability, and a significant number of them were significantly higher in July. The creation of raster maps showing the distribution of the tested parameters allowed for the observation of the considerable activity of PAC, PAL, URE, and PROT, as well as a high application of N-NO<sub>3</sub> in the southern part of the field during the growth of the plants. The statistical analysis revealed a negative interaction between the N-NH<sub>4</sub> and N-NO<sub>3</sub> and the urease in the soil under the cultivation of plants. The pH and the percentage of moisture in the soil also had higher values in the south of the field. This pointed to the existence of separate production zones in the south-central part of the field, characterized by a higher yield of wheat and rape. On the basis of the conducted research, it was unequivocally stated that the values of enzymatic and chemical parameters of the soil were reflected in the size of the yield obtained, which allows conclusions to be drawn with respect to the rational management of N in the production process, laying the foundations for precision agriculture. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2077-0472 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:31:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| series | Agriculture |
| spelling | doaj.art-4da95fe1594d4847b495dfb7ba80926a2023-11-19T15:20:11ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722023-10-011310203410.3390/agriculture13102034Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected CropsAgnieszka Wolna-Maruwka0Aleksandra Grzyb1Remigiusz Łukowiak2Jakub Ceglarek3Alicja Niewiadomska4Dariusz Kayzer5Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry and Environmental Biogeochemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-625 Poznan, PolandEnvironmental Remote Sensing and Soil Science Research Unit, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowskiego 10, 61-680 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Szydłowska 50, 60-656 Poznan, PolandDepartment of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, PolandUnderstanding the spatial–temporal variability of soil enzymatic activity and its relationship with nitrogen (N) resources in the soil and crop yield is crucial in rational management practices of mineral fertilization. The scarcity of comprehensive studies on geostatic analyses of agricultural soils and plant yields, which would take into account both temporal and spatial variability, was the reason for undertaking this research. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial and temporal variability of the activity of soil enzymes, such as acid (PAC) and alkaline (PAL) phosphatases, urease (URE) and protease (PROT), the content of N-NH<sub>4</sub> (ammonium ions), N-NO<sub>3</sub> (nitrate ions), phosphorus (P), pH, moisture, as well as crop yield on a conventionally managed farmland of 40 ha. During the two-year experiment, soil samples were collected from 37 measurement points. Wheat was the first tested crop, followed by oilseed rape. It was shown that all the tested soil parameters showed temporal and spatial variability, and a significant number of them were significantly higher in July. The creation of raster maps showing the distribution of the tested parameters allowed for the observation of the considerable activity of PAC, PAL, URE, and PROT, as well as a high application of N-NO<sub>3</sub> in the southern part of the field during the growth of the plants. The statistical analysis revealed a negative interaction between the N-NH<sub>4</sub> and N-NO<sub>3</sub> and the urease in the soil under the cultivation of plants. The pH and the percentage of moisture in the soil also had higher values in the south of the field. This pointed to the existence of separate production zones in the south-central part of the field, characterized by a higher yield of wheat and rape. On the basis of the conducted research, it was unequivocally stated that the values of enzymatic and chemical parameters of the soil were reflected in the size of the yield obtained, which allows conclusions to be drawn with respect to the rational management of N in the production process, laying the foundations for precision agriculture.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/10/2034geostatisticssoil enzymesnitrogen ionsyieldprecision farmingspatial variability |
| spellingShingle | Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka Aleksandra Grzyb Remigiusz Łukowiak Jakub Ceglarek Alicja Niewiadomska Dariusz Kayzer Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops Agriculture geostatistics soil enzymes nitrogen ions yield precision farming spatial variability |
| title | Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops |
| title_full | Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops |
| title_fullStr | Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops |
| title_short | Spatial-Temporal Differentiation of Soil Biochemical Parameters and Their Relationship with Nitrogen Resources during the Vegetation Period of Selected Crops |
| title_sort | spatial temporal differentiation of soil biochemical parameters and their relationship with nitrogen resources during the vegetation period of selected crops |
| topic | geostatistics soil enzymes nitrogen ions yield precision farming spatial variability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/10/2034 |
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