Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach
Acceptance of novelty depends on the receiver's emotional state. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for predicting emotions elicited by the novelty of an event under different conditions. It models two emotion dimensions, arousal and valence, and considers different uncertainty leve...
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-01-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncom.2019.00002/full |
| _version_ | 1828444934990987264 |
|---|---|
| author | Hideyoshi Yanagisawa Oto Kawamata Kazutaka Ueda |
| author_facet | Hideyoshi Yanagisawa Oto Kawamata Kazutaka Ueda |
| author_sort | Hideyoshi Yanagisawa |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Acceptance of novelty depends on the receiver's emotional state. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for predicting emotions elicited by the novelty of an event under different conditions. It models two emotion dimensions, arousal and valence, and considers different uncertainty levels. A state transition from before experiencing an event to afterwards is assumed, and a Bayesian model estimates a posterior distribution as being proportional to the product of a prior distribution and a likelihood function. Our model uses Kullback-Leibler divergence of the posterior from the prior, which we termed information gain, to represent arousal levels because it corresponds to surprise, a high-arousal emotion, upon experiencing a novel event. Based on Berlyne's hedonic function, we formalized valence as a summation of reward and aversion systems that are modeled as sigmoid functions of information gain. We derived information gain as a function of prediction errors (i.e., differences between the mean of the posterior and the peak likelihood), uncertainty (i.e., variance of the prior that is proportional to prior entropy), and noise (i.e., variance of the likelihood function). This functional model predicted an interaction effect of prediction errors and uncertainty on information gain, which we termed the arousal crossover effect. This effect means that the greater the uncertainty, the greater the information gain for a small prediction error. However, for large prediction errors, greater uncertainty means a smaller information gain. To verify this effect, we conducted an experiment with participants who watched short videos in which different percussion instruments were played. We varied uncertainty levels by using familiar and unfamiliar instruments, and we varied prediction error magnitudes by including congruent or incongruent percussive sounds in the videos. Event-related potential P300 amplitudes and subjective reports of surprise in response to the percussive sounds were used as measures of arousal levels, and the findings supported the hypothesized arousal crossover effect. The concordance between our model's predictions and our experimental results suggests that Bayesian information gain can be decomposed into uncertainty and prediction errors and is a valid measure of emotional arousal. Our model's predictions of arousal may help identify positively accepted novelty. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:51:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4dc6d1bfbe7746d5ae52b48e860898df |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1662-5188 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-10T21:51:45Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj.art-4dc6d1bfbe7746d5ae52b48e860898df2022-12-22T01:32:11ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience1662-51882019-01-011310.3389/fncom.2019.00002422167Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian ApproachHideyoshi Yanagisawa0Oto Kawamata1Kazutaka Ueda2Design Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanDesign Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanCreative Design Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanAcceptance of novelty depends on the receiver's emotional state. This paper proposes a novel mathematical model for predicting emotions elicited by the novelty of an event under different conditions. It models two emotion dimensions, arousal and valence, and considers different uncertainty levels. A state transition from before experiencing an event to afterwards is assumed, and a Bayesian model estimates a posterior distribution as being proportional to the product of a prior distribution and a likelihood function. Our model uses Kullback-Leibler divergence of the posterior from the prior, which we termed information gain, to represent arousal levels because it corresponds to surprise, a high-arousal emotion, upon experiencing a novel event. Based on Berlyne's hedonic function, we formalized valence as a summation of reward and aversion systems that are modeled as sigmoid functions of information gain. We derived information gain as a function of prediction errors (i.e., differences between the mean of the posterior and the peak likelihood), uncertainty (i.e., variance of the prior that is proportional to prior entropy), and noise (i.e., variance of the likelihood function). This functional model predicted an interaction effect of prediction errors and uncertainty on information gain, which we termed the arousal crossover effect. This effect means that the greater the uncertainty, the greater the information gain for a small prediction error. However, for large prediction errors, greater uncertainty means a smaller information gain. To verify this effect, we conducted an experiment with participants who watched short videos in which different percussion instruments were played. We varied uncertainty levels by using familiar and unfamiliar instruments, and we varied prediction error magnitudes by including congruent or incongruent percussive sounds in the videos. Event-related potential P300 amplitudes and subjective reports of surprise in response to the percussive sounds were used as measures of arousal levels, and the findings supported the hypothesized arousal crossover effect. The concordance between our model's predictions and our experimental results suggests that Bayesian information gain can be decomposed into uncertainty and prediction errors and is a valid measure of emotional arousal. Our model's predictions of arousal may help identify positively accepted novelty.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncom.2019.00002/fullnoveltyemotioninformationarousalvalenceuncertainty |
| spellingShingle | Hideyoshi Yanagisawa Oto Kawamata Kazutaka Ueda Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience novelty emotion information arousal valence uncertainty |
| title | Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach |
| title_full | Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach |
| title_fullStr | Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach |
| title_short | Modeling Emotions Associated With Novelty at Variable Uncertainty Levels: A Bayesian Approach |
| title_sort | modeling emotions associated with novelty at variable uncertainty levels a bayesian approach |
| topic | novelty emotion information arousal valence uncertainty |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fncom.2019.00002/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hideyoshiyanagisawa modelingemotionsassociatedwithnoveltyatvariableuncertaintylevelsabayesianapproach AT otokawamata modelingemotionsassociatedwithnoveltyatvariableuncertaintylevelsabayesianapproach AT kazutakaueda modelingemotionsassociatedwithnoveltyatvariableuncertaintylevelsabayesianapproach |