Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China
This study reports a fractal analysis of one-year radon in groundwater disturbances from five stations in China amidst the catastrophic Wenchuan (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Geosciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/9/268 |
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| author | Aftab Alam Dimitrios Nikolopoulos Nanping Wang |
| author_facet | Aftab Alam Dimitrios Nikolopoulos Nanping Wang |
| author_sort | Aftab Alam |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study reports a fractal analysis of one-year radon in groundwater disturbances from five stations in China amidst the catastrophic Wenchuan (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>w</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 7.9) earthquake of 12 May 2008 (<i>day</i> 133). Five techniques are used (DFA, fractal dimensions with Higuchi, Katz, Sevcik methods, power-law analysis) in segmented portions glided throughout each signal. Noteworthy fractal areas are outlined in the KDS, GS, MSS data, whilst the portions were non-significant for PZHS and SPS. Up to <i>day</i> 133, critical epoch DFA-exponents are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.5</mn><mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace><mo>≤</mo><mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace><mi>α</mi><mo><</mo><mn>2.0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with several above 1.8. The fractal dimensions exhibit Katz’s <i>D</i> around 1.0–1.2, Higuchi’s <i>D</i> between 1.5 and 2.0, and Sevcik’s <i>D</i> between 1.0 and 1.5. Several power-law exponents are above 1.7, and numerous are above 2.0. All fractal results of the KDS-GS-MSS are further analysed using a novel computerised methodology that locates the exact out-of-threshold fractal areas and combines the outcomes of different methods per five, four, three, and two (maximum 13 combinations) versus nineteen <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>w</mi></msub><mo>≥</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 5.5 earthquakes of the greater area. Most coincidences using different techniques are before the great Wenchuan earthquake and after the earthquake. This is not only with one method but with 13 different methods. Other interpretations are also discussed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:43:18Z |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:43:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-4dca14f9013d4079acf6d87f379b32e42023-11-19T10:54:48ZengMDPI AGGeosciences2076-32632023-09-0113926810.3390/geosciences13090268Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, ChinaAftab Alam0Dimitrios Nikolopoulos1Nanping Wang2Centre for Earthquake Studies, National Centre for Physics, Shahdra Valley Road, P.O. Box 2141, Islamabad 44000, PakistanDepartment of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, Petrou Ralli & Thivon 250, Aigaleo, GR-12244 Athens, GreeceKey Laboratory of Geo-Detection, Ministry of Education, School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, ChinaThis study reports a fractal analysis of one-year radon in groundwater disturbances from five stations in China amidst the catastrophic Wenchuan (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>w</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> = 7.9) earthquake of 12 May 2008 (<i>day</i> 133). Five techniques are used (DFA, fractal dimensions with Higuchi, Katz, Sevcik methods, power-law analysis) in segmented portions glided throughout each signal. Noteworthy fractal areas are outlined in the KDS, GS, MSS data, whilst the portions were non-significant for PZHS and SPS. Up to <i>day</i> 133, critical epoch DFA-exponents are <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mn>1.5</mn><mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace><mo>≤</mo><mspace width="3.33333pt"></mspace><mi>α</mi><mo><</mo><mn>2.0</mn></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, with several above 1.8. The fractal dimensions exhibit Katz’s <i>D</i> around 1.0–1.2, Higuchi’s <i>D</i> between 1.5 and 2.0, and Sevcik’s <i>D</i> between 1.0 and 1.5. Several power-law exponents are above 1.7, and numerous are above 2.0. All fractal results of the KDS-GS-MSS are further analysed using a novel computerised methodology that locates the exact out-of-threshold fractal areas and combines the outcomes of different methods per five, four, three, and two (maximum 13 combinations) versus nineteen <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>M</mi><mi>w</mi></msub><mo>≥</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> 5.5 earthquakes of the greater area. Most coincidences using different techniques are before the great Wenchuan earthquake and after the earthquake. This is not only with one method but with 13 different methods. Other interpretations are also discussed.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/9/268DFAfractal dimensionKatzHiguchiSevcikspectral fractal analysis |
| spellingShingle | Aftab Alam Dimitrios Nikolopoulos Nanping Wang Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China Geosciences DFA fractal dimension Katz Higuchi Sevcik spectral fractal analysis |
| title | Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China |
| title_full | Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China |
| title_fullStr | Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China |
| title_short | Fractal Patterns in Groundwater Radon Disturbances Prior to the Great 7.9 <i>M</i><sub>w</sub> Wenchuan Earthquake, China |
| title_sort | fractal patterns in groundwater radon disturbances prior to the great 7 9 i m i sub w sub wenchuan earthquake china |
| topic | DFA fractal dimension Katz Higuchi Sevcik spectral fractal analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/13/9/268 |
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