Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage
Alveolar macrophage is the predominant cell type in the lung and is thought to be the major target for anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aromatherapy using natural essential oils with anti-inflammatory effects for inhalable administration is a potential compl...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Pharmaceutics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/5/966 |
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| author | Nan Zhang Ying Bian Lei Yao |
| author_facet | Nan Zhang Ying Bian Lei Yao |
| author_sort | Nan Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alveolar macrophage is the predominant cell type in the lung and is thought to be the major target for anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aromatherapy using natural essential oils with anti-inflammatory effects for inhalable administration is a potential complementary and alternative therapy for COPD treatment. The <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> flower is famous for its fragrance in East Asia and is used for treating colds and lung problems in folk medicine. Therefore, in the present study, flower essential oils from two main medicinal gardenia varieties (<i>G. jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>G. jasminoides f. longicarp</i>a Z.W. Xie & M. Okada) were extracted by hydro-distillation, and their chemical components were analyzed by GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effects of the two essential oils and their main ingredients were further studied on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S). The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the two gardenia varieties were quite different. Alcohol accounted for 53.8% of the <i>G. jasminoides</i> essential oil, followed by terpenes (16.01%). Terpenes accounted for 34.32% of the <i>G. jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> essential oil, followed by alcohols (19.6%) and esters (13.85%). Both the two gardenia essential oils inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene dose-dependently reduced the NO release in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene did not affect the PGE2 production but regulated the expression of TNF- α. In addition to linalool and α-farnesene, other components in the gardenia flower essential oils appeared to be able to act as anti-inflammatory agents and influence the PGE2 pathway. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:07:26Z |
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| issn | 1999-4923 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:07:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Pharmaceutics |
| spelling | doaj.art-4dcae6f4b223485693b76634d9fad6072023-11-23T12:37:20ZengMDPI AGPharmaceutics1999-49232022-04-0114596610.3390/pharmaceutics14050966Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar MacrophageNan Zhang0Ying Bian1Lei Yao2School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, ChinaSchool of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, ChinaSchool of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, ChinaAlveolar macrophage is the predominant cell type in the lung and is thought to be the major target for anti-inflammatory therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aromatherapy using natural essential oils with anti-inflammatory effects for inhalable administration is a potential complementary and alternative therapy for COPD treatment. The <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> flower is famous for its fragrance in East Asia and is used for treating colds and lung problems in folk medicine. Therefore, in the present study, flower essential oils from two main medicinal gardenia varieties (<i>G. jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>G. jasminoides f. longicarp</i>a Z.W. Xie & M. Okada) were extracted by hydro-distillation, and their chemical components were analyzed by GC-MS. The anti-inflammatory effects of the two essential oils and their main ingredients were further studied on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models in murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S). The results indicated that the chemical constituents of the two gardenia varieties were quite different. Alcohol accounted for 53.8% of the <i>G. jasminoides</i> essential oil, followed by terpenes (16.01%). Terpenes accounted for 34.32% of the <i>G. jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> essential oil, followed by alcohols (19.6%) and esters (13.85%). Both the two gardenia essential oils inhibited the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) release and reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene dose-dependently reduced the NO release in the MH-S cells. Linalool and α-farnesene did not affect the PGE2 production but regulated the expression of TNF- α. In addition to linalool and α-farnesene, other components in the gardenia flower essential oils appeared to be able to act as anti-inflammatory agents and influence the PGE2 pathway.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/5/966<i>Gardenia jasminoides</i>essential oilalveolar macrophageanti-inflammatorynitric oxideTNF-α |
| spellingShingle | Nan Zhang Ying Bian Lei Yao Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage Pharmaceutics <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> essential oil alveolar macrophage anti-inflammatory nitric oxide TNF-α |
| title | Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage |
| title_full | Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage |
| title_fullStr | Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage |
| title_short | Essential Oils of <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> J. Ellis and <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> f. <i>longicarpa</i> Z.W. Xie & M. Okada Flowers: Chemical Characterization and Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Alveolar Macrophage |
| title_sort | essential oils of i gardenia jasminoides i j ellis and i gardenia jasminoides i f i longicarpa i z w xie m okada flowers chemical characterization and assessment of anti inflammatory effects in alveolar macrophage |
| topic | <i>Gardenia jasminoides</i> essential oil alveolar macrophage anti-inflammatory nitric oxide TNF-α |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/14/5/966 |
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