Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?
Organic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural so...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2362 |
| _version_ | 1797511562112532480 |
|---|---|
| author | Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo |
| author_facet | Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo |
| author_sort | Darío Cruz |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Organic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural soil. In this context, the aim of our study was to isolate Gram-negative bacteria from the superficial soil layer and irrigation water of agricultural areas (11 organic farms and nine conventional farms) and consider their potential ecological and health risk importance. Through culture isolation using three bacterial media (TSA) trypticase soy agar (general nutritive media); MacConkey Gram-negative bacteria and (EMB) eosin methylene blue agar (selective for Enterobacteriaceae) and classical biochemical tests, we recorded a total of 12 bacterial species, most belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i>, which can be pathogenic for humans and animals. In contrast, bacteria such as <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> could facultatively work as diazotrophic or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Soil bacteria richness detected with the media applied was significantly higher than water bacteria, but we found no significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture. We conclude that the isolated bacteria in water and soil mostly belongs to enteropathogenic bacteria which could be pathogenic to animals and humans. While other bacteria like <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> could be viewed as useful by improving nutrient availability in agricultural soil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:47:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:47:00Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ddd3b2a7d794c77a05b679482802d1f2023-11-22T22:04:26ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-11-011111236210.3390/agronomy11112362Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir?Darío Cruz0Rodrigo Cisneros1Ángel Benítez2Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango3Jhoan Peña4Heriberto Fernández5Andrea Jaramillo6Microbial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorMicrobial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorMicrobial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorMicrobial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorMicrobial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorInstitute of Clinical Microbiology, Medicine School, Austral University of Chile, Valdivia 5090000, ChileMicrobial Systems Ecology and Evolution MS2E, Biodiversity of Tropical Ecosystems BIETROP, and ECOSLAB Research Groups, Biology School, Department of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, Technical University of Loja Particular, San Cayetano Alto s/n, Loja 1101608, EcuadorOrganic and conventional agriculture are vital for the development of human society; however, the use of contaminated water and the inappropriate use of organic chemical fertilizers can lead to an increase in the microbial load (potentially pathogenic) of the normal microbiota of the agricultural soil. In this context, the aim of our study was to isolate Gram-negative bacteria from the superficial soil layer and irrigation water of agricultural areas (11 organic farms and nine conventional farms) and consider their potential ecological and health risk importance. Through culture isolation using three bacterial media (TSA) trypticase soy agar (general nutritive media); MacConkey Gram-negative bacteria and (EMB) eosin methylene blue agar (selective for Enterobacteriaceae) and classical biochemical tests, we recorded a total of 12 bacterial species, most belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, such as <i>Enterobacter</i>, <i>Escherichia</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, <i>Salmonella</i> and <i>Shigella</i>, which can be pathogenic for humans and animals. In contrast, bacteria such as <i>Pantoea agglomerans</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>P. fluorescens</i> and <i>Burkholderia mallei</i> could facultatively work as diazotrophic or plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Soil bacteria richness detected with the media applied was significantly higher than water bacteria, but we found no significant differences between organic and conventional agriculture. We conclude that the isolated bacteria in water and soil mostly belongs to enteropathogenic bacteria which could be pathogenic to animals and humans. While other bacteria like <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> could be viewed as useful by improving nutrient availability in agricultural soil.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2362enteropathogensorganic manurechemical fertilizerbiochemical testsenvironmental contamination |
| spellingShingle | Darío Cruz Rodrigo Cisneros Ángel Benítez Wilson Zúñiga-Sarango Jhoan Peña Heriberto Fernández Andrea Jaramillo Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? Agronomy enteropathogens organic manure chemical fertilizer biochemical tests environmental contamination |
| title | Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? |
| title_full | Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? |
| title_fullStr | Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? |
| title_short | Gram-Negative Bacteria from Organic and Conventional Agriculture in the Hydrographic Basin of Loja: Quality or Pathogen Reservoir? |
| title_sort | gram negative bacteria from organic and conventional agriculture in the hydrographic basin of loja quality or pathogen reservoir |
| topic | enteropathogens organic manure chemical fertilizer biochemical tests environmental contamination |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/11/2362 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dariocruz gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT rodrigocisneros gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT angelbenitez gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT wilsonzunigasarango gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT jhoanpena gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT heribertofernandez gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir AT andreajaramillo gramnegativebacteriafromorganicandconventionalagricultureinthehydrographicbasinoflojaqualityorpathogenreservoir |