| Summary: | Introduction: The dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd., known as Polygala Radix, belonging to the family Polygalaceae, has long been used as a medication to cure a variety of illnesses, including sleeplessness, forgetfulness, sadness, cough, and palpitations. In Southeast Asia, especially China, Polygala tenuifolia Willd is a significant industrial and export plant. The benefits of Polygala tenuifolia's rhizomes on cognition and nootropics are well-known. As a result, this plant has been used as traditional medicine for many of years. Methodology: The online databases, including Scopus, web of science, Google Scholar, and PubMed, were searched using different keywords: Polygala Radix, Polygala tenuifolia, traditional uses, neuroprotective activity, Chinese herb. The purpose of this review was, therefore, to summarise the previously reported phytochemistry & pharmacological actions of the chosen plant species. Results: The concentrations of the active ingredients such as tenuifolin, polygalaxanthone III, sibiricose A5, 3,6′-disinapoyl sucrose, and sibiricaxanthone B of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. from the primary cultivation regions of China were determined in this study. A wide range of pharmacological actions, including neuroprotective, depressive, hypnotic-sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and antiarrhythmic effects, are present in the isolated components and extracts from Polygala Radix. Discussion: Polygala Radix, the root of Polygala tenuifolia, has a variety of therapeutic benefits, especially for neurological disorders. Polygala tenuifolia roots also have pharmacological actions associated with anti-inflammatory activity. This review can deepen knowledge of Polygala Radix and offer opportunities for further study. Conclusion: The different chemical compounds isolated from Polygala Radix exhibited a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as anti-tumor activity, antioxidant activity, cardiovascular activity, and neuroprotective effects. This review will benefit the researchers to further research on Polygala Radix to overcome the limitations.
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