Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses
Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard m...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6913 |
| _version_ | 1797545810497372160 |
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| author | Sadra Karimzadeh Masashi Matsuoka |
| author_facet | Sadra Karimzadeh Masashi Matsuoka |
| author_sort | Sadra Karimzadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Iran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard mitigation purposes. In this study, we carried out a time series small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of 15<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> L</span>-band PALSAR-2 images acquired from ascending orbits of the ALOS-2 satellite between 2015 and 2020 to investigate long-term ground displacements in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. We found that two major parts of the study area (Tabriz and Shabestar plains) are subsiding, where the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −10 and −98 mm/year, respectively. The results revealed that the visible subsidence patterns in the study area are associated with either anthropogenic activities (e.g., underground water usage) or presence of compressible soils along the Tabriz–Shabestar and Tabriz–Azarshahr railways. This implies that infrastructure such as railways and roads is vulnerable if progressive ground subsidence takes over the whole area. The SBAS results deduced from <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 data were validated with field observations and compared with <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">C</span>-band Sentinel-1 results for the same period. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">C</span>-band Sentinel-1 results showed good agreement with the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 dataset, in which the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −13 and −120 mm/year, respectively. For better visualization of the results, the SBAS InSAR velocity map was down-sampled and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on ~3600 randomly selected time series of the study area, and the results are presented by two principal components (PC1 and PC2). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:21:17Z |
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| id | doaj.art-4ec9165590eb492baa99ba6cdfb18a8a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:21:17Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ec9165590eb492baa99ba6cdfb18a8a2023-11-20T23:21:57ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202020-12-012023691310.3390/s20236913Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR AnalysesSadra Karimzadeh0Masashi Matsuoka1Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, IranDepartment of Architecture and Building Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-2 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, JapanIran, as a semi-arid and arid country, has a water challenge in the recent decades and underground water extraction has been increased because of improper developments in the agricultural sector. Thus, detection and measurement of ground subsidence in major plains is of great importance for hazard mitigation purposes. In this study, we carried out a time series small baseline subset (SBAS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis of 15<span style="font-variant: small-caps;"> L</span>-band PALSAR-2 images acquired from ascending orbits of the ALOS-2 satellite between 2015 and 2020 to investigate long-term ground displacements in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. We found that two major parts of the study area (Tabriz and Shabestar plains) are subsiding, where the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −10 and −98 mm/year, respectively. The results revealed that the visible subsidence patterns in the study area are associated with either anthropogenic activities (e.g., underground water usage) or presence of compressible soils along the Tabriz–Shabestar and Tabriz–Azarshahr railways. This implies that infrastructure such as railways and roads is vulnerable if progressive ground subsidence takes over the whole area. The SBAS results deduced from <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 data were validated with field observations and compared with <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">C</span>-band Sentinel-1 results for the same period. The <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">C</span>-band Sentinel-1 results showed good agreement with the <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 dataset, in which the mean and maximum vertical subsidence rates are −13 and −120 mm/year, respectively. For better visualization of the results, the SBAS InSAR velocity map was down-sampled and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on ~3600 randomly selected time series of the study area, and the results are presented by two principal components (PC1 and PC2).https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6913<span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band PALSAR-2ground subsidencesynthetic aperture radarEast Azerbaijan Province |
| spellingShingle | Sadra Karimzadeh Masashi Matsuoka Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses Sensors <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 ground subsidence synthetic aperture radar East Azerbaijan Province |
| title | Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses |
| title_full | Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses |
| title_fullStr | Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses |
| title_short | Ground Displacement in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran, Revealed by <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band and <span style="font-variant: small-caps">C</span>-band InSAR Analyses |
| title_sort | ground displacement in east azerbaijan province iran revealed by span style font variant small caps l span band and span style font variant small caps c span band insar analyses |
| topic | <span style="font-variant: small-caps">L</span>-band PALSAR-2 ground subsidence synthetic aperture radar East Azerbaijan Province |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/23/6913 |
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