Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer
Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), a member of the Ras-related GTPase superfamily, is primarily a cytosolic protein that actives in the plasma membrane. RRAD is highly expressed in type 2 diabetes patients and as a biomarker of congestive heart failure. Mounting evidence showed that RRAD i...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/477 |
| _version_ | 1797613198109573120 |
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| author | Zhangyue Sun Yongkang Li Xiaolu Tan Wanyi Liu Xinglin He Deyuan Pan Enmin Li Liyan Xu Lin Long |
| author_facet | Zhangyue Sun Yongkang Li Xiaolu Tan Wanyi Liu Xinglin He Deyuan Pan Enmin Li Liyan Xu Lin Long |
| author_sort | Zhangyue Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), a member of the Ras-related GTPase superfamily, is primarily a cytosolic protein that actives in the plasma membrane. RRAD is highly expressed in type 2 diabetes patients and as a biomarker of congestive heart failure. Mounting evidence showed that RRAD is important for the progression and metastasis of tumor cells, which play opposite roles as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene depending on cancer and cell type. These findings are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered. Being regulated in various pathways, RRAD plays wide spectrum cellular activity including tumor cell division, motility, apoptosis, and energy metabolism by modulating tumor-related gene expression and interacting with multiple downstream effectors. Additionally, RRAD in senescence may contribute to its role in cancer. Despite the twofold characters of RRAD, targeted therapies are becoming a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancers. This review will discuss the dual identity of RRAD in specific cancer type, provides an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of RRAD to offer valuable insights for readers, explore the intracellular role of RRAD in cancer, and give a reference for future mechanistic studies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:52:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4ee7af06a5a641d39ad1b9ff4fb6c9dd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:52:27Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-4ee7af06a5a641d39ad1b9ff4fb6c9dd2023-11-17T09:51:51ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2023-03-0113347710.3390/biom13030477Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in CancerZhangyue Sun0Yongkang Li1Xiaolu Tan2Wanyi Liu3Xinglin He4Deyuan Pan5Enmin Li6Liyan Xu7Lin Long8Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, ChinaRas-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), a member of the Ras-related GTPase superfamily, is primarily a cytosolic protein that actives in the plasma membrane. RRAD is highly expressed in type 2 diabetes patients and as a biomarker of congestive heart failure. Mounting evidence showed that RRAD is important for the progression and metastasis of tumor cells, which play opposite roles as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene depending on cancer and cell type. These findings are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered. Being regulated in various pathways, RRAD plays wide spectrum cellular activity including tumor cell division, motility, apoptosis, and energy metabolism by modulating tumor-related gene expression and interacting with multiple downstream effectors. Additionally, RRAD in senescence may contribute to its role in cancer. Despite the twofold characters of RRAD, targeted therapies are becoming a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancers. This review will discuss the dual identity of RRAD in specific cancer type, provides an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of RRAD to offer valuable insights for readers, explore the intracellular role of RRAD in cancer, and give a reference for future mechanistic studies.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/477RRADdual identityregulationdownstream effectorscancer |
| spellingShingle | Zhangyue Sun Yongkang Li Xiaolu Tan Wanyi Liu Xinglin He Deyuan Pan Enmin Li Liyan Xu Lin Long Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer Biomolecules RRAD dual identity regulation downstream effectors cancer |
| title | Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer |
| title_full | Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer |
| title_fullStr | Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer |
| title_short | Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer |
| title_sort | friend or foe regulation downstream effectors of rrad in cancer |
| topic | RRAD dual identity regulation downstream effectors cancer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/477 |
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