Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
The khapra beetle, <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts, is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigation with methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting substance, is a common phytosanitary measure currently used. The modified atmosphere (MA), irradiation, and the...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Insects |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/442 |
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| author | Qing-Ying Zhao Tian-Xiu Li Zi-Jiao Song Tao Sun Bo Liu Xin Han Zhi-Hong Li Guo-Ping Zhan |
| author_facet | Qing-Ying Zhao Tian-Xiu Li Zi-Jiao Song Tao Sun Bo Liu Xin Han Zhi-Hong Li Guo-Ping Zhan |
| author_sort | Qing-Ying Zhao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The khapra beetle, <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts, is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigation with methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting substance, is a common phytosanitary measure currently used. The modified atmosphere (MA), irradiation, and their combination treatments of <i>T</i>. <i>granarium</i> larvae and adults were performed at room temperature (24–26 ℃) to develop an ecofriendly phytosanitary disinfestation measure and to shorten the exposure time and overcome treatment disadvantages of irradiation. Late-stage larvae are determined as the most tolerant stage resulted in large LT<sub>99.9968</sub> values of 32.6 (29.2–37.5) and 38.0 (35.1–41.7) days treated under 1% and 2% O<sub>2</sub> (with N<sub>2</sub> balance) atmosphere, respectively. Ionizing radiation was used to enhance the effect of MA and the mortality was highly significantly affected by all the interaction effects, indicating that the synergistic effects present in all the combined treatments. The synergistic ratios, which is defined as the estimated lethal time for MA treatment (LD<sub>90</sub>, LD<sub>99</sub>, and LD<sub>99.9968</sub>), divided by that of combined treatment, were between 1.47 and 2.47. In the confirmatory tests, no individuals recovered from a sum of 111,366 late-stage larvae treated under 1% O<sub>2</sub> atmosphere for 14- or 15-d after 200 Gy irradiation, which resulted in validating the probit estimations and achieving an efficacy of 99.9973% mortality at 95% confidence level. Therefore, these treatment schedules are recommended to disinfest <i>T</i>. <i>granarium</i> infecting commodities for phytosanitary purposes under the warehouse, MA packaging, or in combination with international transportation by train or sea container. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-4450 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:28:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
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| series | Insects |
| spelling | doaj.art-4f0ca130e8bd4609810c138dbcc6948f2023-11-21T19:27:12ZengMDPI AGInsects2075-44502021-05-0112544210.3390/insects12050442Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)Qing-Ying Zhao0Tian-Xiu Li1Zi-Jiao Song2Tao Sun3Bo Liu4Xin Han5Zhi-Hong Li6Guo-Ping Zhan7MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, ChinaMOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaMOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaInstitute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, ChinaMOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaMOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaMOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaThe khapra beetle, <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts, is defined as one of the most important quarantine pests globally, and fumigation with methyl bromide, an ozone-depleting substance, is a common phytosanitary measure currently used. The modified atmosphere (MA), irradiation, and their combination treatments of <i>T</i>. <i>granarium</i> larvae and adults were performed at room temperature (24–26 ℃) to develop an ecofriendly phytosanitary disinfestation measure and to shorten the exposure time and overcome treatment disadvantages of irradiation. Late-stage larvae are determined as the most tolerant stage resulted in large LT<sub>99.9968</sub> values of 32.6 (29.2–37.5) and 38.0 (35.1–41.7) days treated under 1% and 2% O<sub>2</sub> (with N<sub>2</sub> balance) atmosphere, respectively. Ionizing radiation was used to enhance the effect of MA and the mortality was highly significantly affected by all the interaction effects, indicating that the synergistic effects present in all the combined treatments. The synergistic ratios, which is defined as the estimated lethal time for MA treatment (LD<sub>90</sub>, LD<sub>99</sub>, and LD<sub>99.9968</sub>), divided by that of combined treatment, were between 1.47 and 2.47. In the confirmatory tests, no individuals recovered from a sum of 111,366 late-stage larvae treated under 1% O<sub>2</sub> atmosphere for 14- or 15-d after 200 Gy irradiation, which resulted in validating the probit estimations and achieving an efficacy of 99.9973% mortality at 95% confidence level. Therefore, these treatment schedules are recommended to disinfest <i>T</i>. <i>granarium</i> infecting commodities for phytosanitary purposes under the warehouse, MA packaging, or in combination with international transportation by train or sea container.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/442<i>Trogoderma granarium</i>khapra beetlemodified atmosphereirradiationcombined treatmentsynergistic effects |
| spellingShingle | Qing-Ying Zhao Tian-Xiu Li Zi-Jiao Song Tao Sun Bo Liu Xin Han Zhi-Hong Li Guo-Ping Zhan Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) Insects <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> khapra beetle modified atmosphere irradiation combined treatment synergistic effects |
| title | Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) |
| title_full | Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) |
| title_fullStr | Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) |
| title_short | Combination of Modified Atmosphere and Irradiation for the Phytosanitary Disinfestation of <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) |
| title_sort | combination of modified atmosphere and irradiation for the phytosanitary disinfestation of i trogoderma granarium i everts coleoptera dermestidae |
| topic | <i>Trogoderma granarium</i> khapra beetle modified atmosphere irradiation combined treatment synergistic effects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/12/5/442 |
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