Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China
Reference evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i><sub>0</sub>) is an important component of the global water cycle, and its long-term change directly influences the regional water supply and demand balance. Under the background of global change, investigating spatiotemporal trends in &...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/23/3911 |
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| author | Xiaoshuang Liu Chenxi Liu Xiaoyu Liu Cheng Li Linshan Cai Manyu Dong |
| author_facet | Xiaoshuang Liu Chenxi Liu Xiaoyu Liu Cheng Li Linshan Cai Manyu Dong |
| author_sort | Xiaoshuang Liu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Reference evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i><sub>0</sub>) is an important component of the global water cycle, and its long-term change directly influences the regional water supply and demand balance. Under the background of global change, investigating spatiotemporal trends in <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> and its response to climate change is of great importance for the conservation and rational utilization of water resources. Based on daily climate data from 91 meteorological stations during 1960–2017 in Northeast China, this study calculated <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> using the Penman-Monteith method and analyzed its spatiotemporal change trends and primary driving factors. The results show the following: (1) During 1960–2017, the annual <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> in Northeast China showed a nonsignificant upward trend at a rate of 1.45 mm/10a. A mutation point of <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> was detected in 1993. From 1960 to 1993, <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> experienced a significant decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.1), while annual air temperature showed a significant upward trend (<i>p</i> < 0.01), which indicated the appearance of an evaporation paradox. This was because the remarkable drop in wind speed and sunshine duration played a great role in the reduction of <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub>. From 1994 to 2017, the evaporation paradox disappeared. (2) <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> trend in Northeast China was significantly and positively related to altitude. In the lower altitude regions (<500 m), <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> generally decreased, while in the higher altitude areas (>500 m), <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> displayed an upward trend. (3) Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, relative humidity was the primary driving factor for <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> trends in Northeast China during 1960–2017. At diverse altitudes, the primary climatic factors influencing <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> were different. In high-altitude areas (>500 m), the change in <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> was mainly influenced by relative humidity, while wind speed was the primary driving factor at low altitudes (<500 m). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:27:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4f5c61cd700b4615bd3c745df9899f9a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:27:49Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-4f5c61cd700b4615bd3c745df9899f9a2023-11-24T12:33:18ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-12-011423391110.3390/w14233911Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast ChinaXiaoshuang Liu0Chenxi Liu1Xiaoyu Liu2Cheng Li3Linshan Cai4Manyu Dong5Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaFaculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaFaculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaFaculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaFaculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaFaculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, ChinaReference evapotranspiration (<i>ET</i><sub>0</sub>) is an important component of the global water cycle, and its long-term change directly influences the regional water supply and demand balance. Under the background of global change, investigating spatiotemporal trends in <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> and its response to climate change is of great importance for the conservation and rational utilization of water resources. Based on daily climate data from 91 meteorological stations during 1960–2017 in Northeast China, this study calculated <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> using the Penman-Monteith method and analyzed its spatiotemporal change trends and primary driving factors. The results show the following: (1) During 1960–2017, the annual <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> in Northeast China showed a nonsignificant upward trend at a rate of 1.45 mm/10a. A mutation point of <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> was detected in 1993. From 1960 to 1993, <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> experienced a significant decrease (<i>p</i> < 0.1), while annual air temperature showed a significant upward trend (<i>p</i> < 0.01), which indicated the appearance of an evaporation paradox. This was because the remarkable drop in wind speed and sunshine duration played a great role in the reduction of <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub>. From 1994 to 2017, the evaporation paradox disappeared. (2) <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> trend in Northeast China was significantly and positively related to altitude. In the lower altitude regions (<500 m), <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> generally decreased, while in the higher altitude areas (>500 m), <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> displayed an upward trend. (3) Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, relative humidity was the primary driving factor for <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> trends in Northeast China during 1960–2017. At diverse altitudes, the primary climatic factors influencing <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> were different. In high-altitude areas (>500 m), the change in <i>ET</i><sub>0</sub> was mainly influenced by relative humidity, while wind speed was the primary driving factor at low altitudes (<500 m).https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/23/3911reference evapotranspirationspatiotemporal changeclimatic driverNortheast China |
| spellingShingle | Xiaoshuang Liu Chenxi Liu Xiaoyu Liu Cheng Li Linshan Cai Manyu Dong Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China Water reference evapotranspiration spatiotemporal change climatic driver Northeast China |
| title | Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China |
| title_full | Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China |
| title_fullStr | Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China |
| title_short | Spatial and Temporal Variation in Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Climatic Drivers in Northeast China |
| title_sort | spatial and temporal variation in reference evapotranspiration and its climatic drivers in northeast china |
| topic | reference evapotranspiration spatiotemporal change climatic driver Northeast China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/23/3911 |
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