A Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of Slovenian Families with Multiple Cases of Orofacial Clefts Reveals Novel Variants in the Genes <i>IRF6</i>, <i>GRHL3</i>, and <i>TBX22</i>
Although the aetiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts (nsOFCs) is usually multifactorial, syndromic OFCs (syOFCs) are often caused by single mutations in known genes. Some syndromes, e.g., Van der Woude syndrome (VWS1; VWS2) and X-linked cleft palate with or without ankyloglossia (CPX), show only...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/5/4262 |
| Summary: | Although the aetiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts (nsOFCs) is usually multifactorial, syndromic OFCs (syOFCs) are often caused by single mutations in known genes. Some syndromes, e.g., Van der Woude syndrome (VWS1; VWS2) and X-linked cleft palate with or without ankyloglossia (CPX), show only minor clinical signs in addition to OFC and are sometimes difficult to differentiate from nsOFCs. We recruited 34 Slovenian multi-case families with apparent nsOFCs (isolated OFCs or OFCs with minor additional facial signs). First, we examined <i>IRF6</i>, <i>GRHL3</i>, and <i>TBX22</i> by Sanger or whole exome sequencing to identify VWS and CPX families. Next, we examined 72 additional nsOFC genes in the remaining families. Variant validation and co-segregation analysis were performed for each identified variant using Sanger sequencing, real-time quantitative PCR and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. We identified six disease-causing variants (three novel) in <i>IRF6</i>, <i>GRHL3</i>, and <i>TBX22</i> in 21% of families with apparent nsOFCs, suggesting that our sequencing approach is useful for distinguishing syOFCs from nsOFCs. The novel variants, a frameshift variant in exon 7 of <i>IRF6</i>, a splice-altering variant in <i>GRHL3</i>, and a deletion of the coding exons of <i>TBX22</i>, indicate VWS1, VWS2, and CPX, respectively. We also identified five rare variants in nsOFC genes in families without VWS or CPX, but they could not be conclusively linked to nsOFC. |
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| ISSN: | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |