Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance
Abstract Background Morgan and Scheiman’s Optometric Extension Program (OEP) expected binocular vision findings have longstanding use in optometry. With technological advances, the demands and standards of binocular function have changed. This study aimed to investigate which binocular visual functi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2023-02-01
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| Series: | BMC Ophthalmology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02731-1 |
| _version_ | 1811171815109689344 |
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| author | Shyan-Tarng Chen Kuo-Chen Su Po-Hsin Wang Xiang-Yin Zhong Ching-Ying Cheng |
| author_facet | Shyan-Tarng Chen Kuo-Chen Su Po-Hsin Wang Xiang-Yin Zhong Ching-Ying Cheng |
| author_sort | Shyan-Tarng Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Morgan and Scheiman’s Optometric Extension Program (OEP) expected binocular vision findings have longstanding use in optometry. With technological advances, the demands and standards of binocular function have changed. This study aimed to investigate which binocular visual functions can effectively predict visual behavior performance. Methods Participants aged 15–24 years were recruited from two colleges and two universities. After completing the CSMU-Visual Behavioral Performance questionnaire (CSMU-VBP, with four components: near work, visual perception, visual comfort, and whole-body balance), participants were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups based on questionnaire findings (cutoff: < 12 vs. ≥ 12 symptoms). Then a 24-step binocular visual examination was undertaken. Data were analyzed with one-sample, Student’s, and paired t-tests. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the predictors of binocular visual function required for near work, visual perception, visual comfort, and body balance dimensions. Results Among 308 participants, 43 (14%) and 265 (86%) were symptomatic and asymptomatic, respectively. Among the 46 participants with abnormal binocular vision, 36 (78%) reported that they had no obvious symptoms. The commonest dysfunctions were accommodative excess and convergence excess. Most of the binocular visual findings significantly diverged from traditional normal values: amplitude of accommodation, as well as base-in prism to break and recovery points at distance were higher than traditional normal values, whereas others were lower than traditional normal values. Total CSMU-VBP scores indicated that the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups had significant differences in DBO recovery (t = 2.334, p = 0.020) and BAF (t = 1.984, p = 0.048). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded the following binocular visual functional cutoff points: near work (DBO blur < 7, DBO recovery < 5.5), visual perception (MAF < 10.5, BAF < 10.25), visual comfort (DLP < − 2.25, DBI break > 11.5, NBI blur > 15, NBI break > 17.5, NBI recovery > 13, NPC < 5.75), and body balance (NFD_H > − 0.5, gradient AC/A [minus] > 2.25, NPC < 4.75). Conclusions The mean values of binocular visual function among young Taiwanese adults were statistically different from traditional normative values. Further research is required to confirm whether these findings reflect impaired binocular vision or stringent criteria. Assessments of binocular visual function, especially binocular accommodation sensitivity, are crucial in routine optometric examination. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:20:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-4f65749ebe6a4c5a97ffe7aaa69d7cb1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2415 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T17:20:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BMC Ophthalmology |
| spelling | doaj.art-4f65749ebe6a4c5a97ffe7aaa69d7cb12023-02-05T12:07:17ZengBMCBMC Ophthalmology1471-24152023-02-0123111310.1186/s12886-022-02731-1Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performanceShyan-Tarng Chen0Kuo-Chen Su1Po-Hsin Wang2Xiang-Yin Zhong3Ching-Ying Cheng4Department of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityDepartment of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityDepartment of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityDepartment of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityDepartment of Optometry, Chung Shan Medical UniversityAbstract Background Morgan and Scheiman’s Optometric Extension Program (OEP) expected binocular vision findings have longstanding use in optometry. With technological advances, the demands and standards of binocular function have changed. This study aimed to investigate which binocular visual functions can effectively predict visual behavior performance. Methods Participants aged 15–24 years were recruited from two colleges and two universities. After completing the CSMU-Visual Behavioral Performance questionnaire (CSMU-VBP, with four components: near work, visual perception, visual comfort, and whole-body balance), participants were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups based on questionnaire findings (cutoff: < 12 vs. ≥ 12 symptoms). Then a 24-step binocular visual examination was undertaken. Data were analyzed with one-sample, Student’s, and paired t-tests. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the predictors of binocular visual function required for near work, visual perception, visual comfort, and body balance dimensions. Results Among 308 participants, 43 (14%) and 265 (86%) were symptomatic and asymptomatic, respectively. Among the 46 participants with abnormal binocular vision, 36 (78%) reported that they had no obvious symptoms. The commonest dysfunctions were accommodative excess and convergence excess. Most of the binocular visual findings significantly diverged from traditional normal values: amplitude of accommodation, as well as base-in prism to break and recovery points at distance were higher than traditional normal values, whereas others were lower than traditional normal values. Total CSMU-VBP scores indicated that the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups had significant differences in DBO recovery (t = 2.334, p = 0.020) and BAF (t = 1.984, p = 0.048). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis yielded the following binocular visual functional cutoff points: near work (DBO blur < 7, DBO recovery < 5.5), visual perception (MAF < 10.5, BAF < 10.25), visual comfort (DLP < − 2.25, DBI break > 11.5, NBI blur > 15, NBI break > 17.5, NBI recovery > 13, NPC < 5.75), and body balance (NFD_H > − 0.5, gradient AC/A [minus] > 2.25, NPC < 4.75). Conclusions The mean values of binocular visual function among young Taiwanese adults were statistically different from traditional normative values. Further research is required to confirm whether these findings reflect impaired binocular vision or stringent criteria. Assessments of binocular visual function, especially binocular accommodation sensitivity, are crucial in routine optometric examination.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02731-1Binocular visual functionBinocular accommodative examinationVisual behavior performance |
| spellingShingle | Shyan-Tarng Chen Kuo-Chen Su Po-Hsin Wang Xiang-Yin Zhong Ching-Ying Cheng Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance BMC Ophthalmology Binocular visual function Binocular accommodative examination Visual behavior performance |
| title | Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| title_full | Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| title_fullStr | Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| title_full_unstemmed | Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| title_short | Routine binocular examination of young Taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| title_sort | routine binocular examination of young taiwanese adults as a predictor of visual behavior performance |
| topic | Binocular visual function Binocular accommodative examination Visual behavior performance |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-022-02731-1 |
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